黑龙江省土地沙漠化控制作用重要性评价

根据黑龙江省沙漠化现状和评价方法与指标对黑龙江省的生态系统进行沙漠化控制作用重要性评价,评价结果将黑龙江省沙漠化控制重要地区分为4级,即极重要、中等重要、比较重要和一般重要四个级别,确定了它们的分布区域.这一成果为黑龙江省生态功能区划和区域可持续发展奠定了基础,提供了科学依据.     

交联氨基淀粉的制备及对铜离子的吸附性能

以玉米淀粉为原料，经环氧氯丙烷交联、醚化．合成醚化淀粉3-氯-2-羟基丙烯基交联淀粉。在碱性条件下．醚化淀粉进一步通过胺化反应．制备出对重金属具有较强吸附性能的氨基淀粉。对氨基淀粉的合成工艺及其对铜离子的吸附性能的实验结果表明：随着pH的增加．吸附量增加：在相同pH时，随着溶液中铜离子初始浓度的增加，吸附量增加，但吸附速率降低：铜在固液相中的分配比降低。     

景观用再生水氮磷条件下两种典型水华藻类的生长及竞争规律

针对再生水景观水体的藻类控制,以BG11培养基为基础,设定不同氮磷浓度,对铜绿微囊藻和小球藻进行了纯培养和共培养实验。实验结果表明:初始总氮浓度为15 mg/L、总磷浓度为0.1 mg/L时两种藻就能出现明显的生长高峰;当总氮浓度为3⁴5 mg/L,氮磷比为3045 mg/L,氮磷比为30¹50的情况下,小球藻在与铜绿微囊藻的竞争中容易成为优势藻种。     

Shrinkage and fragmentation of grasslands in the West Songnen Plain,China

In the past century, especially the past five decades, the grasslands of the West Songnen Plain, Northeast China, were rapidly converted into croplands and salinized wasteland, and experienced a fragmentation process that is still ongoing. Almost no information is available on the spatial-temporal changes of grasslands in this area. In this study, grassland cover change, agricultural reclamation and salinized wasteland expansion were investigated during the past five decades. Grassland fragmentation was studied based on four landscape metrics. The grassland cover change was detected from a time series of topographic maps from 1954, satellite images of Landsat TM in 1986, 1995, and 2000 using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). In addition, the land use changes were analyzed using a transition matrix of land use types, while the driving forces were explored according to climatic changes and socioeconomic developments. The results indicated a significant decrease in grassland area. Of the 1 418 945 ha of native grassland in 1954, approximately 64% was removed by 2000, while the number of patches (NP) increased from 865 to 2035 and the mean patch size (MPS) decreased from 1640 ha to 252 ha. During the whole study period, the average annual decrease rate of grassland was 34 894 ha/year. Cropland and salinized wasteland were the two main land use types into which grassland converted. During the past decades, obvious climatic changes occurred, which supplied a favorable potential environment for agricultural development but damaged grassland productivity. On the other hand, population, GDP and livestock number increased significantly as grassland quality decreased. According to the results, the shrinkage and fragmentation of grasslands may well be explained by socioeconomic development and aided by changing climatic conditions.     

悬浮液进样石墨炉原子吸收测定环境样品中铊和镉

本文介绍了悬浮液进样-基体改进效应-石墨炉原子吸收测定环境样品中铊和镉的方法。测定铊时应用钯和抗坏血酸为基体改进剂;测定镉时应用基体改进剂硫酸铵。本方法已应用于煤飞灰、土壤和河流沉积物中铊和镉和测定,其结果与标准值一致。     

Selenium and hazardous elements distribution in plant–soil–water system and human health risk assessment of Lower Cambrian,Southern Shaanxi,China

The natural selenium poisoning due to toxic Se levels in food chain had been observed in humans and animals in Lower Cambrian outcrop areas in Southern Shaanxi, China. To find out the distribution pattern of selenium and other hazardous elements in the plant, soil and water of Lower Cambrian in Southern Shaanxi, China, and their possible potential health risk, a total of 30 elements were analyzed and the health risk assessment of 18 elements was calculated. Results showed that the soil, plant and natural water of Lower Cambrian all had relatively high Se levels. In Lower Cambrian, the soil was enriched with Se, As, Ba, Cu, Mo, Ni, Zn, Ga, Cd and Cr (1.68 < I_geo < 4.48, I_geo; geo-accumulation index). In same plants, the contents of Se, Cd and Zn (except Cd in corn and rice, Zn in potato and corn) of Lower Cambrian were higher than that of the other strata. Ba and Ga in natural water were higher than that of the other strata, while K and Cs were opposite. The health risk assessment results showed that the people living in outcrop areas of Lower Cambrian had both high total non-carcinogenic risk of 18 elements (HI = 16.12, acceptable range: < 1) and carcinogenic risk of As (3.98E−04, acceptable range: 10⁻⁶–10⁻⁴). High contents of Se, As, Mo and Tl of Lower Cambrian may pose a health risk to local people, and food intake was the major pathway. For minimizing potential health risk, the local inhabitants should use the mix-imported food with local growing foods.

     

澳门废弃电器电子产品产生特性及资源回收潜力评估

废弃电器电子产品 (waste electrical and electronic equipment,WEEE) 是重要的“城市矿产”之一,识别WEEE资源回收潜力及经济价值,可为澳门特区制定高效管理及循环处理政策提供基础数据及科学支撑。运用消费使用模型、市场供给模型,定量分析了2000—2050年澳门特区EEE (electrical and electronic equipment) 的存量、废弃回收潜力及经济价值,结合澳门特区的WEEE回收及管理现状提出了相应的改善建议。研究表明,①随着澳门特区的发展,EEE的保有量不断增长,由2000年的325.2×10⁴台增长到2050年的874.8×10⁴台,年平均增长率为3%左右,增长高峰期出现在2011—2015年 (15.6%~16.5%) 。②澳门特区WEEE的产生量在2000—2014年呈超6%快速增长趋势,2015—2020增势减缓到约为4%,预计未来2021—2050年增长趋势趋向平稳,年产生总量维持在120×10⁴台以上。废弃通讯和信息设备在所有WEEE中增速最快,2050年的报废量相比2000年增加了14.5倍。③澳门特区WEEE资源潜力自2014年起增势稳定,年产生量超过8 000 t。其中,铁,铝,铜等基础金属贡献了总可回收资源量的70%以上。④WEEE可回收资源总经济价值超过4×10⁷美元,大型家电、信息和通讯设备、多媒体设备占总回收价值的约99%;金和铜的可回收价值最高,占回收价值总量超过66%。⑤当前,澳门特区仅有10%的WEEE进入政府主导的正规回收企业,未来仍需要进一步改善回收现状。澳门特区WEEE进入快速报废阶段,但本地回收率及处理能力有待提升。识别澳门特区WEEE产生情况、加大WEEE回收力度、健全资源循环利用体系,有望缓解澳门特区废物处置压力,促进澳门特区绿色循环性社会建设。