基于TEM-EDS对四川盆地大气单颗粒气溶胶的研究

为了解四川盆地大气中单颗粒气溶胶理化特征,分别在该区域典型城市（成都市）和背景地区（峨眉山）进行了大气单颗粒样品采集.基于带能谱的透射电子显微镜（TEM-EDS）对两地累计3923个单颗粒的化学组成、形貌特征及混合状态等进行了全面观测和分析,并对两地颗粒物差异性进行了对比分析.结果发现：两地气溶胶颗粒主要包括有机物、富硫、矿物、烟尘和飞灰/金属颗粒,除了以单独的外混形式存在外,大多数颗粒以两种及两种以上颗粒类型混合（即内混）形式存在.通过对成都市不同污染状况下单颗粒特征对比发现,"污染天"的内混颗粒占比高于"清洁天",分别为74.2%和68.6%;相比"清洁天","污染天"颗粒物粒径分布范围更广且峰值区间更大,表明污染过程中颗粒物的大气混合趋于更强.对比成都市与峨眉山分析结果得知,成都市以内混的有机物-硫颗粒为主导（占比为50.2%）,而峨眉山以外混的有机物颗粒为主导（占比为50.5%）;成都市含硫类颗粒物（如有机物-硫颗粒）贡献高于峨眉山,而峨眉山两种含碳类颗粒（如烟尘和有机物-烟尘颗粒）占比高于成都市;此外,成都市与峨眉山两地大气颗粒物粒径分布范围及峰值区间均存在一定差异,进一步体现了两地颗粒物来源和老化混合的差异.在峨眉山,与非降雨天相比,一些易溶于水的颗粒物（如含硫类颗粒）在降雨天占比明显降低,而源自当地燃烧过程、粒径较小且疏水性强的颗粒物（如烟尘和有机物-烟尘颗粒）占比相应升高.     

江苏省一次典型沙尘污染过程分析

2021年4月16日至4月18日江苏省经历了一次受沙尘影响的重污染过程.本次过程沙源地为蒙古国中南部及中国内蒙古中西部地区,在蒙古气旋后部西北大风影响下,沙尘气团自西北向东南影响了中国多个省市和地区.江苏省自16日起逐渐受到沙尘过程影响,苏北城市ρ(PM10)从凌晨开始迅速升高,浓度最高达569μg/m3,空气质量达严...     

基于数据分解的AQI的CEEMD-Elman神经网络预测研究

针对Elman神经网络在预测空气质量指数（AQI）时易受到数据非平稳性的影响导致预测趋势良好但准确度较低的问题,提出以互补集合经验模态分解（Complementary Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition,CEEMD）为基础的CEEMD-Elman模型.应用CEEMD对AQI序列分解成不同时间尺度上的本征模态函数分量和剩余分量,进而首次将对非平稳的AQI序列的预测研究转化为对多个平稳的本征模态函数分量的研究.分别与Elman单一模型、EMD-Elman模型、BP单一模型及CEEMD-BP模型进行实验对比.结果表明：应用该方法建立的模型的均方误差、平均绝对误差和平均绝对百分比误差分别为4.80、0.71、1.84%,均小于其他模型结果;对应空气质量等级预报正确天数的频率为94.12%.该模型能有效的降低非平稳性对实验预测结果的影响,实现对空气质量等级的准确预报;该研究为进一步预测AQI的走向提供了有效依据,也为政府决策和管理部门制定空气污染控制提供了更充分的参考.     

Lateral movement of soil fumigants 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin from treated agricultural fields

The soil fumigants 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (CP) are often used for controlling soil-borne plant pathogens and parasitic nematodes before reestablishing new vineyards and orchards. To evaluate crop safety and environmental risks with the replant fumigation, four field experiments were performed over 2 yr to examine 1,3-D and CP lateral movement away from the treated fields. Shank injection with or without a virtually impermeable film (V1F) was used in two vineyard fumigation experiments, and spot drip application without tarp cover was used in two orchard experiments. Results showed that 1,3-D and CP gases moved laterally to 6 m from the treated fields when the fumigants were applied by shank injection. The maximum 1,3-D or CP soil gas concentration at 6 m was approximately 10 ng cm(-3) when the fumigated plot was not cover with a tarp. With VIF, the measured maximum concentration increased to approximately 100 ng cm(-3). In the spot drip application, maximum 1,3-D and CP gas concentrations reached approximately 100 ng cm(-3) but at 1.5 m radial distance from the point of fumigant injection.     

Recent advances in the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide

Fossil fuels are currently the major energy source and are rapidly consumed to supply the increasing energy demands of mankind. CO₂, a product of fossil fuel combustion, leads to climate change and will have a serious impact on our environment. There is an increasing need to mitigate CO₂ emissions using carbon–neutral energy sources. Therefore, research activities are devoted to CO₂ capture, storage and utilization. For instance, photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ into hydrocarbon fuels is a promising avenue to recycle carbon dioxide. Here we review the present status of the emission and utilization of CO₂. Then we review the photocatalytic conversion of CO₂ by TiO₂, modified TiO₂ and non-titanium metal oxides. Finally, the challenges and prospects for further development of CO₂ photocatalytic reduction are presented.     

左氧氟沙星在蒙脱石存在条件下对大肠杆菌的毒性效应

采用批实验研究了蒙脱石对左氧氟沙星的吸附机理及对左氧氟沙星抗菌作用的影响。结果表明,中性条件下存在培养基时,左氧氟沙星在蒙脱石上前2 h即达到吸附平衡,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附方程,吸附率达90%以上;蒙脱石吸附左氧氟沙星存在阳离子交换作用、氢键作用、疏水作用、阳离子键桥作用、静电吸附作用等物理化学过程;蒙脱石本身不具有抑菌、杀菌活性,且由于蒙脱石增大了微生物附着的比表面积,在特定情况下可以促进微生物的生长;扣除其对微生物生长的促进作用后,蒙脱石吸附左氧氟沙星降低了后者的毒性效应,其抑菌率降低约25%。上述结果为进一步研究抗生素在环境中的毒理效应提供了基础依据。     

衡阳市区和衡山背景站臭氧浓度变化规律的对比分析

选取衡阳市区和衡山背景站臭氧自动监测数据,分析两地的臭氧污染特征。对空气质量的优良率情况、臭氧作为首要污染物的变化情况、臭氧浓度的日变化特征、典型时段的浓度变化特征、臭氧浓度的月际变化特征和臭氧与PM_(2.5)的关联情况等进行了分析。结果表明,多云及阴雨天气时,衡阳市区的臭氧浓度日变化幅度大于衡山背景站。夏季,衡阳市区和衡山背景站的臭氧浓度的日变化特征规律差异较大,臭氧浓度分布比较分散,前者为典型的单峰形,后者则波动平缓。冬季,日变化幅度不大,但衡阳市区的臭氧浓度明显低于衡山背景站。衡山背景站和衡阳市区的臭氧基本同步变化,但日均值高于衡阳市区。     

氨气敏电极法和纳氏试剂分光光度法对地表水中氨氮的比对测试

采用不同质量浓度的氨氮标准样品和实际样品,用氨气敏电极法和纳氏试剂分光光度法进行同步测试。结果表明,2种分析方法在水样氨氮质量浓度在0. 159～2. 81 mg/L范围内具有良好的可比性、精密性和准确性。氨气敏电极法的检出限为0. 03 mg/L,平行6次测定样品的相对标准偏差为0. 4%～4. 2%,加标回收率为85. 0%～110%;纳氏试剂分光光度法的检出限为0. 025 mg/L,平行6次测定样品的相对标准偏差为0. 5%～6. 4%,加标回收率为93. 0%～99. 8%。同时氨气敏电极法在样品预处理、试剂配制和分析时间上要优于纳氏试剂分光光度法。氨气敏电极法能够满足地表水自动监测在线比对实际工作的需求,该方法具有良好的适用性。     

Effective sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide immobilized mesoporous SiO2 hollow sphere

The hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMAB) immobilized hollow mesoporous silica spheres were prepared for the efficient removal of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from aqueous solution. Besides the traditional sorption behavior including sorption kinetics as well as effect of solution pH and temperature, the effect of increasing volume which simulated the natural river where the rate of solute and solvent was relatively constant and solution volume was always changing was investigated. The result indicated that the residual PFOS concentrations in aqueous phase decreased with increasing solution pH and ionic strength, whereas they increased with increasing temperature. The HDTMAB immobilized material still maintained high efficiency after increasing volume, that is, the removal kept more than 99% after the treatment when the initial PFOS concentration was 1 mg L^?1. The uptake behavior and morphology of spheres which was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the additional HDTMAB and mesoporous shell were responsible for the enhanced sorption of PFOS. It was concluded that electrostatic interaction and Ca-bridge role played an important role in the sorption of PFOS on the mesoporous SiO₂ hollow spheres, whereas, hydrophobic interaction contributed to the nice sorption performance of PFOS on the HDTMAB immobilized sorbent.     

Parental phenols exposure and spontaneous abortion in Chinese population residing in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

Widespread use of phenols has led to ubiquitous exposure to phenols. In experimental animals, phenols increased resorptions, reduced live litter size and fetal body weights. However, there are limited epidemiological evidences of the relationships between exposure to phenols and pregnancy outcomes. We evaluated the associations between parental urinary levels of various phenols and spontaneous abortion in a Chinese population residing in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. A case-control study was conducted that included 70 case couples with medically unexplained spontaneous abortion and 180 control couples who did not have a history of spontaneous abortion and had at least one living child. Both parental urinary phenols were measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry including bisphenol A (BPA), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 2,3,4-trichlorophenol (2,3,4-TCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), 4-n-octylphenol (4-n-OP) and 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP). Compared with the low exposure group, there was an increased risk of spontaneous abortion with high paternal urinary PCP concentration [odds ratio (OR) = 2.09, 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.05–4.14], and maternal exposure to 4-n-OP and alkylphenol(s) also significantly increased the risk of spontaneous abortion (OR = 2.21, 95% CI, 1.02–4.80; OR = 2.81, 95% CI, 1.39–5.65, respectively). Our study firstly provides the evidence that paternal PCP exposure, maternal 4-n-OP and alkylphenol(s) exposure are associated with spontaneous abortion in humans.