Real-time discharge measurement in tidal streams by an index velocity

Discharge measurement in a tidal stream is always a difficult task. Owing to the complex flow conditions, discharge measurement in tidal streams has to be finished quickly, and must be highly efficient in order to yield an accurate measurement of real-time discharge. Measuring the discharge of tidal streams is done in three steps: (1) establishing the stage and cross-sectional area relation, (2) estimating the index velocity by using a velocity distribution equation based on the probability concept, (3) establishing the relationship between the index and mean velocities. Then the cross-sectional area and mean velocity can be estimated by the gage height and index velocity, respectively. The discharge of tidal streams is computed as the product of the cross-sectional area and mean velocity. The velocity distribution of the Taipei Bridge and Guan-du Bridge in the Tanshui River were established and analyzed to demonstrate the use of discharge measurement by index velocity for estimating the discharge of this tidal stream. The results reveal no large difference between the discharges measured by the conventional methods and the index velocity. This pilot study proposed a cost-effectiveness and efficient method. It is an easy, quick, and accurate model for measuring the real-time discharge of a tidal stream. It makes automatic, real-time, and continuous monitoring of the discharge in a tidal stream become possible.     

Evaluation of marine outfall with three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality modeling

Numerical models are often used to evaluate the potential impact of human alternation of natural water bodies and to help the design of the alternation to mitigate its impacts. In the past decade, three-dimensional hydrodynamic and reactive transport modeling has matured from a research subject to a practical analysis technology. This paper presents a practical study in which a three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model [hydrodynamic eutrophication model (HEM-3D)] was applied to determine the optimal location for treated wastewater discharged from marine outfall system in the Keelung harbor and the adjacent coastal sea. First, model validation was conducted with respect to surface elevation, current, and water quality variables measured in the Keelung harbor station and its coastal sea. The overall performance of the model was in qualitative agreement with the available field data. The model was then used to evaluate several scenarios of the locations from marine outfall system. Based on model simulation results, a location at the northeast of Ho-Ping Island was recommended for adoption because the environmental impact is smaller than any other alternative.

Estimation of phosphorus flux in rivers during flooding

Reservoirs in Taiwan are inundated with nutrients that result in algal growth, and thus also reservoir eutrophication. Controlling the phosphorus load has always been the most crucial issue for maintaining reservoir water quality. Numerous agricultural activities, especially the production of tea in riparian areas, are conducted in watersheds in Taiwan. Nutrients from such activities, including phosphorus, are typically flushed into rivers during flooding, when over 90 % of the yearly total amount of phosphorous enters reservoirs. Excessive or enhanced soil erosion from rainstorms can dramatically increase the river sediment load and the amount of particulate phosphorus flushed into rivers. When flow rates are high, particulate phosphorus is the dominant form of phosphorus, but sediment and discharge measurements are difficult during flooding, which makes estimating phosphorus flux in rivers difficult. This study determines total amounts of phosphorus transport by measuring flood discharge and phosphorous levels during flooding. Changes in particulate phosphorus, dissolved phosphorus, and their adsorption behavior during a 24-h period are analyzed owing to the fact that the time for particulate phosphorus adsorption and desorption approaching equilibrium is about 16 h. Erosion of the reservoir watershed was caused by adsorption and desorption of suspended solids in the river, a process which can be summarily described using the Lagmuir isotherm. A method for estimating the phosphorus flux in the Daiyujay Creek during Typhoon Bilis in 2006 is presented in this study. Both sediment and phosphorus are affected by the drastic discharge during flooding. Water quality data were collected during two flood events, flood in June 9, 2006 and Typhoon Bilis, to show the concentrations of suspended solids and total phosphorus during floods are much higher than normal stages. Therefore, the drastic changes of total phosphorus, particulate phosphorus, and dissolved phosphorus in rivers during flooding should be monitored to evaluate the loading of phosphorus more precisely. The results show that monitoring and controlling phosphorus transport during flooding can help prevent the eutrophication of a reservoir.     

基于蒙特卡洛模拟与PMF模型的黄河流域沉积物重金属污染评价及源解析

沉积物是河流的重要组成部分,而沉积物中重金属的富集严重威胁着水环境安全.黄河流域沿程分布着众多工业城市,且流域水土流失量大,泥沙携带重金属进入河流导致沉积物重金属污染问题日趋严重,研究黄河流域沉积物中重金属污染状况对流域生态安全具有重要意义.收集2000~2020年发表的关于黄河流域沉积物中重金属（铅、镉、铬、砷、锌、铜、镍和汞）含量的数据,首先基于描述性统计及地统计法分析重金属的空间分布特征,进一步采用蒙特卡洛法进行地累积指数（I_geo）、潜在生态风险及毒性单位概率的评价,最后结合正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）与Pearson相关性分析确定污染源个数及贡献率.结果发现,黄河流域沉积物中ω（Pb）、ω（As）、ω（Zn）、ω（Ni）、ω（Cu）、ω（Hg）、ω（Cr）和ω（Cd）的均值分别为26.92、11.78、87.17、31.13、24.96、0.07、73.36和0.58 mg·kg^-1,分别超过黄河流域各省土壤背景值均值1.27、1.08、1.26、1.05、1.09、2.32、1.14和5.95倍,其中Cd超标倍数最大,应当引起重视;I_geo：Cd>Hg>Cr>Cu>Pb>Zn>As>Ni,Cd和Hg存在中度-严重污染;数据表明黄河流域上、中和下游沉积物重度生态风险占比分别为18.6%、15.7%和7.1%,呈递减趋势;黄河流域沉积物中重金属处于低毒性状态;溯源分析表明黄河流域沉积物重金属的4个来源分别是矿业源（42.2%）、自然活动（38.3%）、农业活动（11.6%）和电镀废水（7.9%）.研究结果可为黄河流域制定相关污染防控措施提供依据.     

The application and evaluation research of coffee residue ash into mortar

Coffee residue is usually regarded as a kind of agriculture waste; as its quantity increases the treatment of coffee residue will become an environmental problem. This research is innovative in that it derives the possibility of recycle application using coffee residue ash for cement replacement. In this research, coffee residue is burned in an electronic oven to three kinds of coffee residue ash at 500, 600 and 700 °C, and then appropriate apparatus is used to check the chemical and physical properties of these three types of coffee residue ash. After a general comparison, this study selected 500 and 600 °C coffee residue ashes with 2, 3, 5, 10 and 15 % cement replacements to make 5 cm³ cube mortar specimen to test different curing ages’ compressive strength. Through measurement and experiment, this research found that the compressive strength decreased by adding 500 or 600 °C coffee residue ash into the mortar. By considering waste reduction and practice application, this research derives that using the 600 °C coffee residue ash with 10 % replacement is better than others application, such using result also can get valuable efficiencies of financial and CO₂ reduction.     

Effect of Common Chemical Treatments on the Process Kinetics and Mechanical Properties of Flax/Epoxy Composites Manufactured by Resin Infusion

Chemical treatments are widely employed to improve the fiber-matrix adhesion in composites based on eco-friendly fibers such as flax. To better understand the influence of these treatments on processing behavior, this study characterized the surface chemistry and morphology of woven flax fabrics treated by acetone, alkaline, silane and diluted epoxy. Flax/epoxy composites were then manufactured by resin infusion and the flow front and preform thickness evolution was monitored. The alkaline treatment was shown to result in a 50 % increase in equivalent permeability due to an increase in porosity which led to a decrease in flexural properties. The processing results were found to be in good agreement with predictions of a 1-dimensional model. This study suggests that infusion times are not considerably affected by the observed changes in surface energy. However, other implications of the treatments such as an increase in fibrillation can alter the infusion times significantly.

     

风暴潮风险研究进展

中国沿海是全球少数几个风暴潮风险最大的区域之一。受全球气候变暖和海平面上升的影响,沿海地区风暴潮灾害风险水平呈显著上升的趋势。从灾害风险理论出发,在对风暴潮风险的认识、风暴潮危险性评估、风暴潮易损性评估,以及风暴潮综合风险评估等四个方面,系统地总结了目前风暴潮风险研究的最新成果、研究进展和存在的主要问题。总体来看,现阶段风暴潮风险评估研究还比较薄弱,未来的风暴潮风险研究应该由单要素评估走向综合评估,加强风暴潮风险评估的综合性和系统性。随着沿海地区社会经济的发展,应充分考虑全球变化和海平面上升对未来风暴潮风险的影响,完善风暴潮综合风险评估体系,提升风暴潮预报预警能力,为风暴潮灾害的防灾减灾工作提供科学依据。