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81.
Bruce G. Simons-Morton Marie Claude Ouimet Rusan Chen Sheila G. Klauer Suzanne E. Lee Jing Wang Thomas A. Dingus 《Journal of Safety Research》2012,43(5-6):397-403
Impact on IndustryPreventing speed-related crashes could reduce costs and improve efficiency in the transportation industry.ObjectiveThis research examined the psychosocial and personality predictors of observed speeding among young drivers.MethodSurvey and driving data were collected from 42 newly-licensed teenage drivers during the first 18 months of licensure. Speeding (i.e., driving 10 mph over the speed limit; about 16 km/h) was assessed by comparing speed data collected with recording systems installed in participants' vehicles with posted speed limits.ResultsSpeeding was correlated with elevated g-force event rates (r = 0.335, pb0.05), increased over time, and predicted by day vs. night trips, higher sensation seeking, substance use, tolerance of deviance, susceptibility to peer pressure, and number of risky friends. Perceived risk was a significant mediator of the association between speeding and risky friends.ConclusionThe findings support the contention that social norms may influence teenage speeding behavior and this relationship may operate through perceived risk. 相似文献
82.
Study of the Degradation of Poly(ethyl glyoxylate): Biodegradation, Toxicity and Ecotoxicity Assays 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Benjamine Belloncle Claude Bunel Laurence Menu-Bouaouiche Olivier Lesouhaitier Fabrice Burel 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2012,20(3):726-731
Biodegradation of poly (ethyl glyoxylate) (PEtG), a functionalized polyacetal, was investigated over 6?month according to ASTM 5988-96 modified method and compared to micronized cellulose. More than 95?% of the polymer was converted into CO2 over that period attesting the biodegradability of PEtG. The degradation by-products toxicity and ecotoxicity were evaluated. Toxicity was checked using an innovant non-mammalian toxicological model using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Ecotoxicity was performed using a plant growth test with cress (Lepidium Sativum), and barley (Hordeum vulgare). In all cases, results concluded on the harmlessness of PEtG and relative by-products. 相似文献
83.
The photochemical behaviour of chlorophenols is different to that of non-halogenated phenols. In the former, the first step is a C-Cl bond scission, which is not influenced by oxygen. Chlorine is converted into hydrochloric acid. For monochlorophenols, the position of the chlorine on the ring strongly influences the transformation. In the molecular form, 2-chlorophenol is converted into pyrocatechol. In the anionic form however, it is reduced in a cyclopentadienic acid which dimerizes according to a Diels-Alder reaction. The irradiation of 3-chlorophenol leads to resorcinol whatever the pH. This would appear to suggest a photohydrolysis mechanism. With 4-chlorophenol, the photochemical conversion is not so specific. Hydroquinone is formed (mainly in aerated solution), along with polyphenolic oligomers. A radical mechanism is proposed. 相似文献
84.
Seasonal variations of heavy metals in central Greenland snow deposited from 1991 to 1995 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Barbante C Boutron C Morel C Ferrari C Jaffrezo JL Cozzi G Gaspari V Cescon P 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2003,5(2):328-335
To better assess the seasonality in the fallout of heavy metals to central Greenland, a continuous series of 68 snow samples has been collected at a remote site in the Summit area from a 2.7 m pit using ultraclean sampling procedures. This covers a continuous four year time period from spring 1991 to spring 1995. Co, Cu, Zn, Mo, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Sb, Pt, Pb, Bi and U were determined using ultrasensitive inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry under clean room conditions. In addition we also determined Al by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and Na+, Ca2+, SO4(2-), MSA and oxalate by ion chromatography, species that will assist in the interpretation of the trace metal data. The data show pronounced inter- and intra-annual variations, with large differences in the amplitude of these variations for the element studied, with few clear seasonality patterns. Generally, high concentrations are observed in the spring snow layers, while much lower concentrations are typical of summer snow layers. Significant correlations are observed between Co, Cu, Zn, Ag and Sb, while Pt, Pd and Rh show no correlation with the other metals. Crustal enrichment factors show that while the crustal dust contribution is probably important for some metals for part of the year (spring), anthropogenic inputs are as important in many instances. Pronounced intra-annual variations are observed for some metals, in particular Pt. The variations observed for this metal parallel fairly closely changes in Russian Pt production, which points to emissions from smelters in the Russian Arctic as likely sources for Pt. 相似文献
85.
Claude Amoros Jean -Claude Rostan Guy Pautou Jean -Paul Bravard 《Environmental management》1987,11(5):607-617
The wetland ecosystems occurring within alluvial floodplains change rapidly. Within the ecological successions, the life span of pioneer and transient stages may be measured in several years or decades depending on the respective influences of allogenic (water dynamics, erosion, and deposition) and autogenic developmental processes (population dynamics, eutrophication, and terrestrialization). This article emphasizes the mechanisms that are responsible for the ecosystem changes and their importance to environmental management. Two case studies exemplify reversible and irreversible successional processes in reference to different spatial and temporal scales. On the scale of the former channels, the standing-water ecosystems with low homeostasis may recover their previous status after human action on the allogenic processes. On the scale of a whole reach of the floodplain, erosion and deposition appear as reversible processes that regenerate the ecological successions. The concepts of stability and reversibility are discussed in relation to different spatiotemporal referential frameworks and different levels of integration. The reversible process concept is also considered with reference to the energy inputs into the involved subsystems. To estimate the probability of ecosystem regeneration or the cost of restoration, a concept of degrees of reversibility is proposed. 相似文献
86.
This paper focuses on the social features of ene rgy production and use in Brazil and discusses the role of the energy policy goals of accessibility, affordability and acceptability in defining a sustainable energy future for the country. The major findings are that social inequalities in Brazil regarding energy use continue to be substantial and important. This can be explained by the fact that, although recent decades have seen significant improvements in energy accessibility all over the country, much more needs to be done to provide affordable, and socially acceptable modern energy carriers to all socio‐economic groups in all regions. 相似文献
87.
Mathieu Giraudeau Camille Duval Noel Guillon Vincent Bretagnolle Claude Gutierrez Philipp Heeb 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2010,97(6):577-581
Preen glands exist in almost every bird species and several non-exclusive functions have been proposed for this gland and
the oils that it produces. One function generally admitted is that the oily secretions of the preen gland would provide a
waterproofing layer when spread over feathers. Alternatively, several authors have proposed that plumage waterproofness is
mostly due to the spatial micro-structure of feathers. The purpose of this study was to examine, by manipulating the access
to the preen gland, the effect of the preen oil on the plumage waterproofness and condition. To explore this question, we
carried out two independent experiments where we temporarily blocked access to the preen gland secretions with a removable
mechanism in one group of captive mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), whilst a second group of birds had access to gland secretions. In a long-term experiment (3 months of treatment) and a
short-term experiment (10 days), we measured plumage water retention and condition. After 3 months without access to preen
glands, we found a significant decrease of plumage condition and an associated increase in plumage water retention. Moreover,
we found a significant correlation between plumage condition and water retention ability. In contrast, after 10 days of treatment,
no significant effect was found on plumage condition and water retention. Our study shows that preen oil acts to maintain
plumage condition and suggests that feather microstructure is essential to maintain plumage waterproofness. 相似文献
88.
89.
Grais RF Coulombier D Ampuero J Lucas ME Barretto AT Jacquier G Diaz F Balandine S Mahoudeau C Brown V 《Disasters》2006,30(3):364-376
Emergencies resulting in large-scale displacement often lead to populations resettling in areas where basic health services and sanitation are unavailable. To plan relief-related activities quickly, rapid population size estimates are needed. The currently recommended Quadrat method estimates total population by extrapolating the average population size living in square blocks of known area to the total site surface. An alternative approach, the T-Square, provides a population estimate based on analysis of the spatial distribution of housing units taken throughout a site. We field tested both methods and validated the results against a census in Esturro Bairro, Beira, Mozambique. Compared to the census (population: 9,479), the T-Square yielded a better population estimate (9,523) than the Quadrat method (7,681; 95% confidence interval: 6,160-9,201), but was more difficult for field survey teams to implement. Although applicable only to similar sites, several general conclusions can be drawn for emergency planning. 相似文献
90.
Zheljazkov VD Astatkie T Caldwell CD MacLeod J Grimmett M 《Journal of environmental quality》2006,35(6):2410-2418
Some of the most fertile agricultural land in Atlantic Canada includes dykelands, which were developed from rich salt marshes along the Bay of Fundy through the construction of dykes. A 2-yr field experiment was conducted on dykeland soil to evaluate the effect of fertility treatments: source-separated municipal solid waste (SS-MSW) compost, solid manure, commercial fertilizer, and gypsum on (1) timothy/red clover forage productivity, (2) N, S, and other nutrients uptake, and (3) residual NO(3)-N and NH(4)-N in the soil profile. All fertility treatments increased dry matter yields from the two cuts each year relative to the control. Residual soil NO(3)-N and NH(4)-N concentrations in the fall of the second year decreased with depth, and beyond 20-cm depth were lower than 1 mg kg(-1). Gypsum application equivalent to 40 kg S ha(-1) increased dry matter yields and N uptake by forage, and increased soil Mehlich 3-extractable S, tissue S, and uptake of S, Ca, P, Cu, Fe, and Mn relative to the control. High rates of compost can provide sufficient N, S, and perhaps other nutrients to a perennial forage system under the cool wet climate of Atlantic Canada with no heavy metal enrichment of forage. However, the chemical N provided greater total N uptake than organic sources, except the high rate of compost, suggesting that the N availability from organic sources was not well synchronized with forage N demand. Municipal solid waste compost may also increase soil and forage tissue Na, which might be of concern. 相似文献