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31.
Valerio Matozzo Marta Monari Jurgen Foschi Gian Paolo Serrazanetti Otello Cattani Maria Gabriella Marin 《Marine Biology》2007,151(3):1051-1058
In the present study, the effects of differing salinities on some important functional responses of haemocytes from the clam,
Chamelea gallina, were investigated. The animals were kept for 7 days at 28‰ (hyposalinity), 34‰ (control) and 40‰ salinity (hypersalinity),
and total haemocyte count (THC), haemocyte volume, phagocytosis, lysozyme-like activity (in both haemocyte lysate and cell-free
haemolymph) were measured. The survival-in-air test was also performed. Clams kept at 28‰ showed significantly increased THC
with respect to animals kept at 34 and 40‰. The analysis of haemocyte size frequency distribution highlighted that in clams
kept at 28‰ the haemocyte fraction of about 5 μm in diameter and 50–100 femtolitre in volume increased markedly. Conversely,
in animals kept at 40‰ an increase was observed in the haemocyte fraction having about 8–10 μm diameter and 400–500 femtolitre
volume. Higher phagocytic activity was recorded in haemocytes from control clams, with respect to that of clams kept at 28
and 34‰. Lysozyme-like activity in haemocyte lysate was shown to increase significantly in animals kept at 28‰ with respect
to that of clams kept at 40‰, whereas enzyme activity in cell-free haemolymph from clams kept at 34‰ was significantly higher
with respect to that of clams maintained at 40‰. A relationship between phagocytosis and lysozyme secretion is suggested.
The resistance to air exposure of clams kept at 28 and 40‰ was shown to decrease significantly; LT50 values fell from 7 days in clams kept at 34‰ to 4 and 5 days in those kept at 28 and 40‰, respectively. Results demonstrated
that salinity values far from 34‰ affects the functional responses of haemocytes and reduce the resistance of clams to exposure
to air. 相似文献
32.
Inoue MH Oliveira RS Regitano JB Tormena CA Constantin J Tornisielo VL 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2004,39(4):589-601
Sorption kinetics of atrazine and diuron was evaluated in soil samples from a typical landscape in Paraná. Samples were collected (0-20 cm) in a no-tillage area from Mamborê, PR, which has been cultivated under a crop rotation for the last six years. Six sampling points of the slope were selected to represent a wide range of soil chemical and physical properties found in this area. Radiolabeled tracers (14C-atrazine and 14C-diuron) were used and the radioactivity was detected by liquid scintillation counting (LSC). Sorption was accomplished for increasing equilibration periods (0.5, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h). Kinetics data fitted adequately well to Elovich equation, providing evidences that soil reaction occurs in two distinct stages: a fast, initial one followed by a slower one. During the fast phase, 34-42 and 71-79% of total atrazine and diuron applied were sorbed to soil samples. No important differences were found among combinations of soil and herbicide sorption during the slow phase. The unrealistic conditions under batch experiments should be overestimating sorption in the fast phase and underestimating diffusion in the slow phase. Sorption of both herbicides was positively correlated to organic carbon and clay contents of soils, but atrazine was much less sorbed than diuron, showing its higher potential to contaminate groundwater, specially in sandy, low organic carbon soils. 相似文献
33.
Marin Lysák Christian Bugge-Henriksen 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2016,21(3):323-342
The objective of the analysis is to compare the current status of state level climate change adaptation plans across the United States (U.S.) and to analyze potential factors that may influence their status. Based on their most current adaptation planning documentation individual states are grouped into four categories depending on how far they are in their approach towards adaptation to predicted changes in climate and how they have progressed with their planning efforts in defining adaptation measures. The analysis of the state adaptation plans showed that 13 states had detailed sector specific actions recommended, 2 states had sector specific targets and recommendation, 14 states had expressed concern and need for adaptation planning, whereas 21 states did not mention the need for adaptation planning. The statistical analysis showed that Democratic Party popular votes are 10 % higher in states with detailed sector specific actions recommended in comparison to states with no mention of adaptation planning (p?<?0.01). The average gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in states having an adaptation planning status with detailed sector specific actions recommended is more than $6,000 higher compared to states with expressed concern and need for adaptation planning and states with no mention of adaptation planning (p?<?0.05). The average coastal population in states with detailed sector specific actions recommended is more than seven times higher compared to states with expressed concern and states with no mention of adaptation planning (p?<?0.01). It is concluded that the U.S. state planning initiatives will need to strengthen their approach to adaptation planning substantially to have holistic and more coordinated adaptation planning efforts. 相似文献
34.
Escaping radioactivity from coal-fired power plants (CPPs) due to coal burning and the associated hazards: a review 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Constantin Papastefanou 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2010,101(3):191-200
Coal, like most materials found in nature, contains trace quantities of the naturally occurring primordial radionuclides, i.e. of 40K and of 238U, 232Th and their decay products. Therefore, the combustion of coal results in the released into the environment of some natural radioactivity (1.48 TBq y−1), the major part of which (99 %) escapes as very fine particles, while the rest in fly ash. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides measured in coals originated from coal mines in Greece varied from 117 to 435 Bq kg−1 for 238U, from 44 to 255 Bq kg−1 for 226Ra, from 59 to 205 Bq kg−1 for 210Pb, from 9 to 41 Bq kg−1 for 228Ra (232Th) and from 59 to 227 Bq kg−1 for 40K. Fly ash escapes from the stacks of coal-fired power plants in a percentage of 3-1% of the total fly ash, in the better case. The natural radionuclide concentrations measured in fly ash produced and retained or escaped from coal-fired power plants in Greece varied from 263 to 950 Bq kg−1 for 238U, from 142 to 605 Bq kg−1 for 226Ra, from 133 to 428 Bq kg−1 for 210Pb, from 27 to 68 Bq kg−1 for 228Ra (232Th) and from 204 to 382 Bq kg−1 for 40K. About 5% of the total ash produced in the coal-fired power plants is used as substitute of cement in concrete for the construction of dwellings, and may affect indoor radiation doses from external irradiation and the inhalation of radon decay products (internal irradiation) is the most significant. The resulting normalized collective effective doses were 6 and 0.5 man-Sv (GW a)−1 for typical old and modern coal-fired power plants, respectively. 相似文献
35.
Robinson L. Contiero Fabiano A. Rios Denis F. Biffe Jamil Constantin Rubem S. de Oliveira Jr 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(10):803-809
AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of time of the day and their associated climatic conditions on spray deposition of two 2,4-D formulations, as well as the influence on weed control. The experiment was installed in the field in complete randomized design. Treatments were arranged in factorial design 8?×?2, with 20 repetitions. First factor corresponded to different application time (1:00, 4:00, 7:00, 10:00, 13:00, 16:00, 19:00, and 22:00) with their respective climatic conditions. The second factor consisted of two formulations of 2,4-D applied at 776?g a.e. ha?1 (2,4-D amine and 2,4-D choline salt with Colex-D? Technology) + glyphosate (816?g a.e. ha?1). There was more spray deposition when 2,4-D choline formulation was used, and such differences were more evident for applications performed under adverse climatic conditions. More spray deposition was found in applications performed at times of day with more favorable temperature and humidity of the air conditions. Only the initial control of the evaluated species was affected by the time of application. 相似文献
36.
Variation of bilateral leaf structures in Middle Ural cenopopulations of the weeping birch (Betula pendula Roth.) growing in gradients of industrial pollution was studied to test the efficiency of a new method of population and
individual phenogenetic monitoring allowing an indirect assessment of developmental destabilization by segregating the variance
of total asymmetry (TA
R
2) into its additive components, the variances of fluctuating asymmetry (FA
R
2) and directional asymmetry (DA
R
2). The method was tested in the impact zones of two copper-smelting plants in the Middle Urals. The degree of impact was characterized
by the index of technogenic pollution (ITP) reflecting the average total contents of 15 water-soluble pollutants in snow samples. The level of asymmetry was estimated
from the numbers of denticles with incoming veins (dentovenal elements) on the left and right leaf margins. Spearman’s coefficient
of rank correlation between the group values of variance in fluctuating asymmetry (FA
R
2) and corresponding ITP values reached r
S = 0.914 (p < 0.001), providing evidence that the method is highly appropriate for ecological indication of the phenogenetic response
of trees to environmental pollution. 相似文献
37.
Inoue MH Oliveira RS Regitano JB Tormena CA Constantin J Tornisielo VL 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2006,41(5):605-621
The objective of this study was to investigate the behavior of sorption and desorption of the herbicides atrazine (6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) and diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyleurea] in soil samples from a typical lithosequence located in the municipality of Mamborê (PR), southern Brazil. Five concentrations of 14C-atrazine and 14C-diuron were used for both herbicides (0.48, 0.96, 1.92, 3.84, and 7.69 mg L(-1)). Sorption of both herbicides correlated positively with the organic carbon and clay content of the soil samples. Sorption isotherms were well described by the Freundlich model. The slope values of the isotherm (N) ranged from 0.84 to 0.90 (atrazine) and from 0.75 to 0.79 (diuron) for the lithosequence samples. Sorption of diuron was high regardless of the soil texture or the concentration added. The desorption isotherms for atrazine and diuron showed good fit to the Freundlich equation (R2 >or= 0,87). Atrazine slope values for the desorption isotherms were similar for the different concentrations and were much lower than those observed for the sorption isotherms. Significant hysteresis was observed in the herbicide desorption. When the two herbicides were compared, it was found that diuron (N = 0.06-0.22) presented more pronounced hysteresis than atrazine. The results showed that, quantitatively, a greater atrazine fraction applied to these soils remains available to be leached in the soil profile, as compared to diuron. 相似文献
38.
For the first time, gender-related differences in some important functional parameters of haemocytes from the clam Ruditapes philippinarum have been studied. Clams were collected during the pre-spawning phase, when sex can be distinguished by microscopic observation
of gonadal smears, in order to ascertain whether the two sexes reach the stressful spawning period with different degrees
of immunosurveillance. Total haemocyte count (THC), haemocyte size frequency distribution, capability of haemocytes to assume
the vital dye neutral red (NR, indicative of endocytotic activity), lysozyme-like and acid phosphatase activities in both
haemocyte lysate (HL) and cell-free haemolymph (CFH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in HL were
all evaluated. No differences in THC values were found between the two sexes, but differing haemocyte size frequency distributions
were observed: the fraction of larger haemocytes (7–9 μm diameter, 200 fl volume) was markedly increased in females and that
of smaller haemocytes (<5 μm diameter, <200 fl volume) markedly increased in males. Interestingly, when haemocytes were observed
under the light microscope, a significantly higher percentage of granulocytes was found in haemolymph from females, compared
with that of males. Significantly increased NR uptake was recorded in female haemocytes. No significant variation in lysozyme-like
activity was observed in HL, whereas in CFH, enzyme activity was significantly higher in females. HL acid phosphatase activity
was significantly higher in males with respect to females; no significant variations in enzyme activity were observed in CFH.
HL SOD and CAT activities were significantly higher in females than in males. Overall, on the basis of the cell parameters
studied here, gender-related differences in immune parameters were found in R. philippinarum, indicating that females have more active haemocytes than males during the pre-spawning period. 相似文献
39.
Marin Cvitanović George Alan Blackburn Martin Rudbeck Jepsen 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(6):1751-1763
Extensive forests in Croatia represent an important biological and economic resource in Europe. They are characterised by heterogeneity in forest management practices dating back to the socialist planned economy of the pre-1991 era. In this study we investigated the difference in rates of deforestation and reforestation in private- and state-owned forests during the post-socialist period and the causal drivers of change. The selected region of Northern Croatia is characterised by a high percentage of privately owned forests with minimal national monitoring and control. We used a mixed-methods approach which combines remote sensing, statistical modelling and a household-based questionnaire survey to assess the rates of forest cover change and factors influencing those changes. The results show that predominantly privately owned forests in Northern Croatia have recorded a net forest loss of 1.8 % during the 1991–2011 period, while Croatia overall is characterised by a 10 % forest cover increase in predominantly state-owned forests. Main factors influencing forest cover changes in private forests are slope, altitude, education structure, population age and population density. The results also show that the deforestation in private forests is weakening overall, mostly due to the continuation of the de-agrarisation and de-ruralisation processes which began during socialism. 相似文献
40.
Andrea Massari Marta Beggio Sandro Hreglich Riccardo Marin Stefano Zuin 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(10):1897-1907
In order to assess the potential impacts posed by products containing engineered nanoparticles, it is essential to generate more data about the release of these particles from products’ life cycle. Although first studies were performed to investigate the release of nanoparticles from use phase, very few data are available on the potential release from recycling or disposal of nano-enhanced products.In this work, we investigated the behavior of TiO2 nanoparticles from incineration of solid paint waste containing these particles. Solid paint debris with and without TiO2 nanoparticles were treated in a lab scale incineration plant at 950 °C (combustion temperature) and in oxidizing atmosphere. The obtained ashes were also vitrified with additives and the release of Ti was finally evaluated by leaching test. From our incineration lab-scale experiment, we did not observe a release of TiO2 nanoparticles into the atmosphere, and Ti was attached to the surface of obtained solid residues (i.e. ashes). The characterization of ashes showed that TiO2 nanoparticles reacted during the incineration to give calcium titanate. Finally, a very low release of Ti was measured, less 1 mg/kg, during the leaching test of ashes vitrified with glass cullet and feldspathic inert. Our work suggests that TiO2 nanoparticles added in paints may undergo to physicochemical transformation during the incineration, and that Ti found in ashes may be strongly immobilized in glass matrix. Since this conclusion is based on lab-scale experiment, further research is required to identify which nanoparticles will be emitted to the environment from a real-word-incineration system of household hazardous waste. 相似文献