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141.
142.
Because management is driven largely by financial concerns, determining the cost of environmental quality is a critical step in developing an environmental TQM program for which management will actively demonstrate commitment and support. Costs of environmental quality can be grouped into three categories: failure, prevention, and appraisal. The total cost of environmental quality can be used as a benchmark to monitor the level of environmental quality and to justify the redirection of resources. 相似文献
143.
In the current regulatory climate, environmental professionals are becoming increasingly involved with a side of the business that has often been given low priority in the past: communicating with the public about environmental and health risk issues. This article describes effective approaches to such communication, and demonstrates their implementation success. 相似文献
144.
Cynthia M. Kingsford Bruce E. Lindsay 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1987,23(5):845-848
ABSTRACT: New Hampshire's riparian water law, first modified judicially, has been more drastically changed by recent legislative and administrative action. As it stands, however, the judicially enforced doctrine of reasonable use appears to be utterly inadequate to handle increasing water demands. The protection of the public interest has imposed substantial limitations on the use of riparian water rights, all under the guise of the exercise of the police power, i.e., the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare. The efficient use of the state's water resources has been further crippled by the widespread and indiscriminate exercise of eminent domain. As a result, the state is now considering the imposition of a permit system that has the potential to streamline the allocation of water. Such a system should take into consideration the public interest factors that have recently frustrated the exercise of riparian rights and the effective use of the state's water resources. 相似文献
145.
We pursue a regression model for spatially-indexed data whose spatial correlation is determined by a linear combination of
simple covariograms. The main interest lies in the estimation of the spatial parameters. As several common techniques appear
ineffective for this setting, an algorithm is proposed to obtain parameter estimates and is assessed through simulation. It
is found to provide greater stability than other methods of estimation. We discuss the influence of parametrization and site
location on the efficacy of the estimation algorithms, and develop some guidelines as to the placement of sampling sites to
improve the algorithm's performance.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
146.
Adaptation and mitigation strategies in agriculture: an analysis of potential synergies 总被引:3,自引:4,他引:3
Cynthia Rosenzweig Francesco Nicola Tubiello 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):855-873
As climate changes due to rising concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, agriculture will be one of the key
human activities affected. Projections show that while overall global food production in the coming decades may keep pace
with the food requirements of a growing world population, climate change might worsen existing regional disparities because
it will reduce crop yields mostly in lands located at lower latitudes where many developing countries are situated. Strategies
to enhance local adaptation capacity are therefore needed to minimize climatic impacts and to maintain regional stability
of food production. At the same time, agriculture as a sector offers several opportunities to mitigate the portion of global
greenhouse gas emissions that are directly dependent upon land use, land-use change, and land-management techniques. This
paper reviews issues of agriculture and climate change, with special attention to adaptation and mitigation. Specifically,
as adaptation and mitigation strategies in agriculture are implemented to alleviate the potential negative effects of climate
change, key synergies need to be identified, as mitigation practices may compete with modifications to local agricultural
practices aimed at maintaining production and income. Under future climate and socio-economic pressures, land managers and
farmers will be faced with challenges in regard to selecting those mitigation and adaptation strategies that together meet
food, fiber and climate policy requirements. 相似文献
147.
Cynthia D. Fisher 《组织行为杂志》2003,24(6):753-777
Decades of research have shown that the correlation between job satisfaction and job performance is modest in magnitude, yet lay people are thought to believe strongly that satisfied or ‘happy’ employees are more productive at work. This paper first documents the strength and pervasiveness of belief in several versions of the happy–productive worker hypothesis (Study 1), then proposes and explores potential substantive explanations for these beliefs (Study 2). It is possible that lay people base their beliefs on genuinely stronger relationships that occur at a different level of analysis than usually studied by researchers, and/or that exist between satisfaction‐like and performance‐like variables other than the constructs typically investigated by scholars. Study 2 provides data relevant to several of these possibilities. The most compelling findings were at the within‐person level of analysis. The average within‐person correlation between momentary task satisfaction and concurrent perceived task performance was 0.57. Individuals feel more satisfied than usual when they believe they are performing better than usual for them. If lay persons mistakenly generalize from their own within‐person experiences of satisfaction–performance covariation to the between‐persons level, this relationship may be the basis for the strong lay belief that satisfied workers perform better. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
148.
Lucia B. Carreon-Martinez Scott A. Holt B. Scott Nunez Cynthia K. Faulk G. Joan Holt 《Marine Biology》2010,157(8):1889-1895
Traditionally, sciaenid eggs have been identified based on morphological characteristics such as size, number of oil globules
and/or pigmentation patterns. Identification of sciaenid eggs by these procedures is time consuming and often inaccurate due
to considerable egg size overlap among species. The utilization of molecular techniques for the identification of economically
important species has become a fundamental component in ecological studies involving fish eggs and larvae. This study reports
the development of a series of both multiplex and individual polymerase chain reactions to identify the eggs of 11 sciaenid
species commonly found in the Gulf of Mexico and estuaries near Port Aransas and Corpus Christi, TX, USA. Following method
development, the discriminatory power of the assay was first determined with samples from adult fish collected from Aransas
and Corpus Christi Bays, Galveston Bay and the lower Laguna Madre in northern Mexico. Most (97%) of these fishes were correctly
identified to the level of species. To demonstrate the applicability of the assay, wild fish eggs were collected and analyzed
from the Aransas Pass tidal inlet from September through December 2005. During this period, the eggs of four target species
were positively identified which was in keeping with current knowledge regarding the spawning areas and seasons of these sciaenids
based on the presence of mature females, eggs and/or larvae. Future use of this method can provide valuable information to
better discriminate spawning sites and seasons of these species. 相似文献
149.
Kenneth M. Strzepek David C. Major Cynthia Rosenzweig Ana Iglesias David N. Yates Alyssa Holt Daniel Hillel 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1999,35(6):1639-1655
ABSTRACT: This paper reports on new methods of linking climate change scenarios with hydrologic, agricultural an water planning models to study future water availability for agriculture, an essential element of sustainability. The study is based on the integration of models of water supply and demand, and of crop growth and irrigation management. Consistent modeling assumptions, available databases, and scenario simulations are used to capture a range of possible future conditions. The linked models include WATBAL for water supply; CERES, SOYGRO, and CROPWAT for crop and irrigation modeling; and WEAP for water demand forecasting, planning and evaluation. These models are applied to the U.S. Cornbelt using forecasts of climate change, agricultural production, population and GDP growth. Results suggest that, at least in the near term, the relative abundance of water for agriculture can be maintained under climate change conditions. However, increased water demands from urban growth, increases in reservoir evaporation and increases in crop consumptive use must be accommodated by timely improvements in crop, irrigation and drainage technology, water management, and institutions. These improvements are likely to require substantial resources and expertise. In the highly irrigated basins of the region, irrigation demand greatly exceeds industrial and municipal demands. When improvements in irrigation efficiency are tested, these basins respond by reducing demand and lessening environmental stress with an improvement in system reliability, effects particularly evident under a high technology scenario. Rain-fed lands in the Cornbelt are not forced to invest in irrigation, but there is some concern about increased water-logging during the spring and consequent required increased investment in agricultural drainage. One major water region in the Cornbelt also provides a useful caveat: change will not necessarily be continuous and monotonic. Under one GCM scenario for the 2010s, the region shows a significant decrease in system reliability, while the scenario for the 2020s shows an increase. 相似文献
150.
Aline S. Turque Alexander M. Cardoso Cynthia B. Silveira Ricardo P. Vieira Flávia A. D. Freitas Rodolpho M. Albano Alessandra M. Gonzalez Rodolfo Paranhos Guilherme Muricy Orlando B. Martins 《Marine Biology》2008,155(2):135-146
In this study we performed a survey of the bacterial communities associated with the Western Atlantic demosponges Hymeniacidon heliophila and Polymastia janeirensis, based on 16S rRNA sequencing and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We compared diversity and composition of the sponge-associated
bacteria to those of environmental bacteria, represented by free-living bacterioplankton and by bacteria attached to organic
particulate matter in superficial sediments. Partial bacterial 16S rRNA sequences from seawater, sediment, and sponges were
retrieved by PCR, cloning, and sequencing. Sequences were subjected to rarefaction analyses, phylogenetic tree construction,
and LIBSHUFF quantitative statistics to verify coverage and similarity between libraries. Community structure of the free-living
bacterioplankton was phylogenetically different from that of the sponge-associated bacterial assemblages. On the other hand,
some sediment-attached bacteria were also found in the sponge bacterial community, indicating that sponges may incorporate
bacteria together with sediment particles. Rare and few prokaryotic morphotypes were found in TEM analyses of sponge mesohyl
matrix of both species. Molecular data indicate that bacterial richness and diversity decreases from bacterioplankton, to
particulate organic sediment, and to H. heliophila and P. janeirensis. Sponges from Rio de Janeiro harbor a pool of novel and exclusive sponge-associated bacterial taxa. Sponge-associated bacterial
communities are composed of both taxons shared by many sponge groups and by species-specific bacteria. 相似文献