除磷工艺中含氧条件对聚磷菌种群结构影响研究

利用分子生物学技术直接从活性污泥样品中提取DNA,采用套式PCR技术对特征基因片断进行扩增,结合DGGE(变性浓度梯度凝胶电泳)分析活性污泥中微生物种群结构.研究了除磷工艺在正常运行情况下的微生态系统种群结构,并分析了微生物群落结构及行为特征.测定了活性污泥中变形杆菌(Proteobacteria)和产酸菌(Acidobacterium)部分菌种的16S rDNA V3区片段序列,通过NCBI(美国国立生物技术信息中心)基因库比对,初步确定了部分细菌的属.在厌氧/好氧和缺氧/好氧工艺中各类优势菌群变化规律研究表明,在除磷效果稳定的情况下,系统中除磷微生物种群结构大致能保持不变,少数数量或种类发生变化的种群与系统中含氧量变化有关,但是处于动态变化中的菌群结构总体能够适应工艺运行环境.     

Simulation analysis of environmental risk accident and management of high-sulfur gas field development in complex terrain

Environmental risk of high sulfur gas field exploitation has become one of the hot spots of environmental management studies. Severe gas H₂S blowout accidents in recent years have shown that poor understanding and estimates of the poisonous gas movement could lead to dangerous evacuation delays. It is important to evaluate the real concentration of H₂S, especially in complex terrain. Traditional experiential models are not valid in the case of rough terrain, especially in low-lying areas where the gas accumulates. This study, using high sulfur content gas field of Sichuan “Pu Guang gas field” as study object and adopting objective diagnosis of wind field of land following coordinate three dimensions, applied Lagrangian Puff Model and breaking up technique of puffs to simulate the H₂S diffusion condition of blowout accidents produced in the high sulfur content gas field of complex terrain area. The results showed that the H₂S distribution did not occur mainly in low wind direction, and due to the obstruction of the mountain’s body, it accumulated in front of mountain on produced turn over, flowed around submitted jumping type distribution. The mountain waist near the hilltop and low hollow river valley site rapture points simulating contrast showed that the higher the rapture point, the better the diffusing condition of pollutant, the distribution of risk sensitive point decided piping rupture environmental risk size combining the H₂S diffusion result and residential area dispersing in the study area, synthetic judge located in the high rapture point environmental risk was smaller than the low hollow point, thus it was suggested to carryout laying of lining build of equal high line of higher terrain. According to simulation results, the environmental risk management measures aimed at putting down adverse effects were worked out.     

餐厨垃圾中温干法厌氧消化快速启动实验研究

为研究餐厨垃圾在进行干法厌氧消化时,利用高含固率消化液作为接种物进行快速启动的可行性,采用两组分别含有低含固率消化液和高含固率消化液的平行反应器,研究了在(35±1)℃完全混合反应器(CSTR)中进行的餐厨垃圾干法厌氧消化的启动性能.结果表明,在同样43d的启动过程中,使用高含固率消化液作为接种物的反应器的有机负荷可成功地增加到10.0kg·m-3·d-1(以VS计),而使用低含固率消化液作为接种物的反应器的有机负荷只能达到3.5kg·m-3·d-1(以VS计).与传统启动相比,快速启动没有停滞期,且拥有较短的恢复期;快速启动的启动速度是传统启动的2.5倍.恢复期之后,在相同的有机负荷下,快速启动的沼气和甲烷产率、甲烷产量及VS降解率都较传统启动呈现出较好的性能.     

华北地区沙尘气溶胶对云辐射强迫的影响

采用CERES SSF Aqua MODIS Edition 2B/2C和CALIPSO卫星探测资料结合地面台站沙尘观测资料,通过对强沙尘天气过程中纯云区与沙尘云区大气层顶处辐射强迫值的对比分析,研究了我国华北地区沙尘气溶胶对云辐射强迫的影响.研究发现, 2006年4月16日、5月16日、2007年3月30日3次过程沙尘云区大气层顶云的净辐射强迫绝对值比纯云区分别减小了7.1%,17.2%和3.1%,云的冷却效应受到不同程度抑制.纯云区与沙尘云区云的光学特性参量的对比分析结果表明,绝大部分沙尘云区的云粒径、云水路径和光学厚度值均比纯云区的要小.     

Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Muscle with Relation to the Growth of Two Marine Fish Species

Heavy metal concentrations in muscle and their relation to thegrowth of two marine fish species,including tonguefish( Cynoglossus arel) and mullet( Mugil cephalus),were studied. The samples were collected in Bach Dang estuary andconcentrations of heavy metals( As,Cd,Co,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb,and V) in muscle of the fisheswere determined. The result showed that the accumulated trend of heavy metal is different between fish species. The concentration of As,Zn,Mn,V,Cu,Pb,Co and Cd in tonguefish were 73. 7 ± 30. 6,22. 82 ± 4.87,3. 44 ± 2. 13,1. 61 ± 0. 15,0. 71 ± 0. 13,0. 45 ± 0. 24,0. 03 ± 0. 02 and 0. 02 ± 0. 02 mg·g-1,respectively. Meanwhile the concentration of Zn,As,V,Mn,Cu,Pb,Co and Cd in mullet were 83. 41 ±19. 68,9. 78 ± 1. 92,1. 36 ± 0. 54,1. 29 ± 0. 51,0. 65 ± 0. 12,0. 42 ± 0. 20,0. 06 ± 0. 03 and0. 03 ± 0. 01mg·g-1,respectively. Comparison of metal levels among thesespecies indicated that the concentrations of As and Mn in tonguefish were significantly higher than those in mullet,whereas Zn levels in mullet were found to be higher than that in tonguefish. There is no significant differences of Cd,Co,Cu,Pb and V levels in muscle between two species. Significant inversed relationshipsbetween concentration levels of metals and lengths of tonguefish were found for Mn,Cu and Zn,butnot for As,Cd,Pb,and V. There were no significant relationships between the heavy metal concentrations and the length of mullet. In general,decreasesof the heavy metal concentrations corresponded to the increases of fish body lengths,particularly for As,Co,Cu,Mn and V and the exception for Cd. Terefore reduced risks were associated with consuming biggermullet fish,and increased risks of As and Cd were associated with consuming bigger tonguefish in Bach Dang river mouth.     

高温高压吸附后焦煤的孔隙结构变化特性

为研究高温高压气体吸附试验中焦煤基质膨胀后孔隙结构变化特性,首先开展了软、硬焦煤在不同吸附平衡温度(30℃、40℃、50℃)下的高温高压吸附试验,然后利用压汞法测试吸附试验前、后煤样的孔隙结构,研究了不同吸附平衡温度下的软、硬焦煤吸附性能及高温高压吸附试验对软、硬煤孔隙结构的影响.结果表明:在相同温度和压力下,硬煤瓦斯吸附量及吸附常数a均小于相应的软煤;随吸附平衡温度升高,同一煤样的瓦斯吸附量减少;高温高压吸附试验后,煤样含有大量的半封闭型的微孔和小孔,孔隙连通性变差,煤中孔隙向着更加致密的方向发展,有利于瓦斯的储存.     

一株新颖的Providencia sp.菌降解吲哚及合成靛蓝的特性研究

吲哚是一种典型的氮杂环芳烃污染物,在焦化废水和畜牧废水中大量存在.本研究从近海泥沙中分离纯化得到一株高效吲哚降解菌DCX,经16S rRNA基因序列比对分析,鉴定其为普罗维登斯菌属(Providencia sp.).该菌株能够以吲哚为唯一碳源,在28 h内将100 mg·L~(-1)吲哚完全降解.液相色谱/飞行时间-质谱联用(LC/TOF-MS)的结果表明,靛蓝、靛红、靛红酸及邻氨基苯甲酸是菌株DCX降解吲哚过程中的中间产物.此外,本研究中发现,外加营养物质可以促进菌株DCX降解吲哚,特别是加入酵母浸粉后,反应体系中会产生大量靛蓝.利用表面响应法确定菌株DCX转化吲哚合成靛蓝的最优条件为:吲哚207.49 mg·L~(-1),酵母浸粉2.9 g·L-1,接菌量4.23%(V/V),并且在最优条件下,靛蓝产率达到最高(9.90%),比初始条件提高了4.38倍.     

全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)对土壤跳虫的生态毒性

将两种跳虫(Folsomia candida和Folsomia fimetaria)暴露在全氟辛烷磺酸盐(perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)污染的人工土壤中,利用跳虫存活数量、繁殖数量与回避行为来评价PFOS对跳虫的生态毒性。结果表明,PFOS对F.candida和F.fimetaria急性毒性的LC50(7d)分别为4777和2219mg·kg-1,慢性毒性的EC50(28d)分别为0.13和0.05mg·kg-1。此外,PFOS对两种跳虫回避行为影响的EC50(48h)分别为0.51mg·kg-1(F.candida)和0.31mg·kg-1(F.fimetaria)。分析比较发现,PFOS对跳虫急性死亡率影响很小,但对跳虫的回避行为和繁殖率有显著影响,可用来表征土壤中PFOS的生态毒性,且选用有性生殖的F.fimetaria及其慢性毒性实验来评价土壤中PFOS的毒性相对最灵敏。     

三峡库区水环境风险评估与预警平台总体设计与应用

为保障三峡库区水环境安全,提高环保部门的环境预警和应急科学处置能力,根据“平战结合”的平台建设思路,提出了基于面向服务(SOA)可扩展的架构、Webservice数据服务调用模式和模块化功能的平台构建技术,集成了地方环保业务系统的成果,设计和实施了一个体系、一张网、一张图、一张表、一个流程的“五个一”平台工程,研发了集污染源风险识别、环境预警监控、模拟预测、应急评估处置和信息发布5项功能为一体的三峡水环境风险评估与预警平台,并在重庆市环保部门实现了业务化运行应用. 平台研究成果可支撑应急管理和日常管理,并在一系列突发性事件中得到业务应用验证和应用,环境应急响应时间从1~2 h缩短至10~20 min,应急处置时间从原来的1~2 d缩短至1~2 h,显著提高了三峡库区水环境风险评估、预警和防范能力.      

HEC RAS模型在汉江上游郧县尚家河段全新世古洪水流量重建中的应用

以汉江上游郧县尚家河段含有4期全新世古洪水事件的沉积剖面为例,采用HEC RAS模型计算出这4期最大古洪水最大洪峰流量为45 550~61 750 m3/s,与比降法重建的古洪水洪峰流量结果相比,误差为158%~309%。同时,采用相同水文参数和模型,计算了剖面附近的2010年7月18日洪痕洪峰流量,与实测流量相比,误差为491%,说明重建古洪水洪峰流量时水文参数选择与洪峰流量计算结果是合理的,同时也表明利用HEC RAS模型在重建古洪水流量中简捷,可操作性强,其研究结果为古洪水水文学研究提供一种新的方法