火灾中建材燃烧毒性的试验研究

通过探讨火灾中燃烧毒性对人体的危害和分析国外主要的毒性研究方法，研制了毒气热分解仪并对部分有一定代表性的建材进行了实测研究。根据研究结果提出了相应的结论意见。     

黄河河口地区生态供水效益分析

流域生态需水是指流域生态系统为维持一定程度的生态系统健康所需要一定质量的水量,以保证流域生态系统结构和生态功能等为目标,实现流域生态系统健康。流域生态需水量的研究对于社会经济的可持续发展具有重要的战略意义。论文针对南水北调西线一期工程的供水规划,在提出配水效益计算方法的基础上,针对不同的配水量,计算了黄河河口地区的生态需水量、生态效益以及供水对减少断流所带来的生态效益,并进行了方案比较分析。主要结论是:当来水量分别为55×10⁸、122.8×10⁸或240×10⁸m³时,产生的湿地综合生态效益则为34.85×10⁸、47.18×10⁸或54.72×10⁸元。     

六氯苯对离体鱼肝线粒体抗氧化酶的作用

采用差速离心法从鲫鱼肝脏中提取线粒体,用不同浓度(0,2,4,8,16,32mg/L)六氯苯对其体外染毒30min.测定线粒体超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法分析其同工酶谱,并检测线粒体中丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果显示,SOD和GSH-Px活性及其同工酶的活性表达均呈现出低浓度六氯苯作用下被激活,高浓度六氯苯作用下被抑制的变化趋势.在高浓度六氯苯(32mg/L)作用下线粒体中MDA含量显著增加.说明六氯苯的毒性作用可能为一种自由基机制,即低浓度的六氯苯导致线粒体内活性氧自由基(ROS)生成量少量增加,SOD和GSH-Px及其同工酶活性由于氧化应激的诱导被激活;随着六氯苯浓度增加,线粒体内ROS生成量大量增加,并破坏了SOD和GSH-Px的抗氧化活性,导致其活力下降或丧失,自由基含量增加,线粒体脂质过氧化加剧.     

Why does environmental compliance cost more than penalty? —A legal analysis on environmental acts of enterprises in China

In the environmental protection field of China, due to lower law-breaking cost but higher law-abiding cost , it is a common case that the enterprise chooses to break through the law on purpose. The punishment to the unlawful pr     

中国西北地区气候变暖对农业的影响

选取西北地区资料年代较长的171个地面测站1961～2003年日平均气温资料,计算历年≥0℃、≥10℃积温和<0℃负积温,深入研究西北地区热量资源对气候变暖的响应及其对农业生产的影响。结果表明:1987～2003年比1961～1986年的平均值明显增高,尤以最低气温增幅最大,这说明最低气温的变化比最高气温的变化更敏感,西北地区气候变暖主要来自最低气温升高的贡献。冬季升温幅度大于夏季,<0℃负积温绝对值明显减少。西北地区20世纪80年代后期气候明显变暖,热量资源增加,喜温作物面积扩大,越冬作物种植区北界向北扩展,对牧区牲畜越冬度春有利。西北地区气候变暖对农业的负面影响大于正面影响。     

固定化青霉菌吸附活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色研究

利用植物载体玉米芯对青霉菌X5进行了固定化研究.通过正交试验确定载体固定化真菌的最优条件,考察了pH值、温度、盐浓度、葡萄糖浓度对菌株脱色的影响.结果表明,菌量为8g/L,载体大小为1/3×1cm²×π×1cm,载体个数为15个,摇床转速为100r/min条件下玉米芯能够有效地固定菌体,固定化菌对染料脱色的最佳温度为30℃,pH值为3.0,葡萄糖浓度为10g/L,盐度对脱色有一定的影响,在最优条件下,固定化菌对活性艳蓝KN-R脱色率达到95%以上.固定化菌对活性艳蓝脱色符合二级动力学方程,生物吸附过程较好地符合Freundlich吸附模型,固定化菌体重复利用5次后,脱色率仍达73.51%.     

电极铺设方式对填埋场渗漏检测定位的影响

利用高压直流电法,对单HDPE膜衬层模拟垃圾填埋场检测电极采用蜂窝状和栅格状2种铺设方式对漏洞定位影响进行了研究,通过2种算法进行了定位误差的比较.结果表明,在电极间距为1m时,蜂窝状电极铺设方式漏洞定位误差是栅格状误差的53%,但电极数量增加了13%.第1种算法的误差小且波动较小.检测电极采用蜂窝状铺设方式,电极间距为1m,回路电流为100mA时,漏洞定位误差不超过15cm.     

Comparison of Pb and Cd adsorption to the surface coatings and surficial sediments collected in Xianghai Wetland

Surface coatings and surficial sediments were obtained in four natural waters in Xianghai Wetland in China to study the role of surface coatings and surficial sediments in controlling the transporting and cycling of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Pb and Cd adsorption to the surface coatings and surficial sediments were measured under controlled laboratory conditions(mineral salts solution with defined speciation, ionic strength 0.0.5 mol/L, 25℃ and pH 6.0 for surface coatings: and 0.00.5 mol/L CaCl2 solution, 25℃ and pH 6.0 for surficial sediments). The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was applied to estimate equilibrium coefficients of Pb and Cd adsorption to the surface coatings and surficial sediments, and the component analyses of surface coatings and surficial sediments were also carried out.Correlation analyses between the maximum adsorption of Pb and Cd (Гmax) and the components in the surface coatings and surficial sediments suggested that there was a statistically significant trend for Pb and Cd adsorption(Гmax) to the surface coatings to increase with increasing in contents of Fe and Mn oxides in the surface coatings and surficial sediments. And the metal adsorption abilities of surface coatings were much stronger than those of surficial sediments, highlighting that in the same water, i.e. at the same pH and initial metal concentrations, the metals(such as lead and cadmium) in supernatant were feasible to be adsorbed by surface coatings than surficial sediments. The more importance of surface coatings than surficial sediments for adsorbing and cycling of heavy metals in aquatic environments was evidenced.     

间歇通风和渗滤液循环对城市固体废物稳定化的影响

通过研究间歇通风对固体废物的产酸和产甲烷阶段的分离及接种微生物加快固体废物稳定化速度的有效性,评价了污染物原位去除的可行性. 结果表明:间歇通风有利于固体废物的产酸和产甲烷阶段分离,对固体废物的稳定具有积极的影响;用活性污泥接种微生物,加速了废物的稳定,提高了渗滤液的水质,COD_Cr的去除率达88%,ρ(BOD₅)/ρ(COD_Cr)由0.35降到0.12,总氮和NH4+的去除率分别达70% 和80%以上,对重金属也有很好的去除.因此,在填埋场进行污染物原位去除是可行的.      

低环境负荷型高性能水泥生产技术研究

对水泥生产过程中资源、能源地消耗和对环境的污染等问题进行了分析和研究,并探讨低环境负荷水泥生产技术。研究表明:水泥工业对资源、能源地消耗和环境负荷影响很大,鉴于导致环境负荷的严重性和重要性,根据材料学、热学和环境学等交叉学科入手提出了低环境负荷型水泥生产技术,为水泥工业降低环境负荷和水泥工业可持续发展生产提供新的技术路线或思路。