外企HSE管理探讨

通过在外企从事HSE管理工作的实践,探讨外企HSE工作的先进性,从思想、教育和培训、个人防护用品、物质激励、防火培训、环境保护、事故管理、设备管理等方面进行论述。并通过个人的实际工作,交流HSE工作的体会,以进一步提高企业HSE管理工作的水平。     

污水排放预测的多因素灰色模型GM(1,N)及其应用

在分析污水排放数据处理的现状后,运用灰色系统理论,通过优化模型系数与背景取值,建立了多因素灰色GM(1,N)模型。该模型克服了现有GM(1,N)模型的不足,扩宽了GM(1,N)模型的应用范围．具有精度高、使用简便等特点。GM(1,2)计算实例表明,该模型简单实用,值得在污水排放预测中推广应用。     

太湖大浦口河口区沉积物中铁、磷的地球化学特征

对太湖西部大浦口河口区沉积物中的w(Fe2+),w(TP)和w(Fe-P)及间隙水中ρ(Fe2+)和ρ(PO₄3-)的空间及垂向分布特征进行了测定分析. 结果表明,上覆水中,河道的各项指标均大于湖区及河口,而在河道与河口沉积物中w(TP)基本相似,均小于湖区. 在河口沉积物垂向剖面上,存在约5,9及11 cm 的3个明显变化阶段. w(Fe-P)占w(TP)的16.7%～47.8%,与ρ(TP)的相关性较好(R0.526),但与其他指标的相关性并不明显. Fe-P是重要的磷形态,厌氧状态下有向间隙水解析扩散的潜力,并形成Fe3+与Fe2+间的转换. 间隙水中ρ(PO₄3-)与w(Fe-P)/w(TP)和ρ(Fe2+)存在非对应性,但与ρ(Fe)呈显著相关(R0.853).河口区PO₄3-的迁移转化受多种因素的作用,复杂的水动力活动和地球化学作用是主要控制因素.      

长江口沉积物中SVOCs的空间分布趋势

采用GC-MS法对2005年9月8—15日采集于长江口区域的沉积物中的半挥发性有机物(SVOCs)进行测定,并对其组成和空间分布趋势进行了分析. 结果表明,该区域沉积物中共检出半挥发性有机物44种,包括多环芳烃类化合物14种,酯类化合物6种,酚类化合物10种,取代苯类化合物5种,醚类化合物4种,其他类化合物5种. 长江口南支沉积物中w(SVOCs)普遍高于北支入口和徐六泾,南支附近城市排放的工业废水和生活污水可能是该区域半挥发性有机物的主要来源. 沉积物中多环芳烃类化合物(PAHs)的风险评估显示,除C采样点苊存在一定的生态风险外,长江口其他区域PAHs的潜在生态风险很小.      

焙烧条件对Ru/AC催化剂去除溴酸盐的影响

考察了以RuCl₃·3H₂O为前驱物,以AC(颗粒活性炭)为载体制备Ru/AC时,焙烧氛围、焙烧温度、焙烧时间对Ru/AC催化活性的影响,并利用XPS(X-ray photoelectron spectra,X射线光电子能谱分析)、BET(brunner-emmet-teller method,比表面积测定)和SEM(scanning electronic microscopy,扫描电镜)等手段对样品进行了表征. 结果表明,不同焙烧氛围中制备的Ru/AC活性有较大差异:在N₂焙烧氛围中,容易形成去除BrO₃-的有效活性组分(RuO₂);而在真空焙烧氛围中,几乎没有活性组分的产生;在H₂-N₂〔φ(H₂)为1.5%,φ(N₂)为98.5%〕氛围中焙烧,负载在AC上的活性组分有Ru₀(单质钌)和RuO₂. 焙烧温度对Ru/AC去除BrO₃-的性能有着较为显著的影响,高温有利于AC的石墨化进程,载体性能得到优化;但焙烧温度过高(1 000 ℃)时,会产生金属颗粒团聚现象;最适宜的焙烧温度为900 ℃. Ru/AC的活性随着焙烧时间的延长呈先增后降的趋势;焙烧时间为3 h时,载体的比表面积和孔容积得到提高且有效活性组分能够均匀地分散在AC载体上. 综上,Ru/AC催化剂的最优焙烧条件:焙烧氛围为N₂,焙烧温度为900 ℃,焙烧时间为3 h. 在该条件下制备的Ru/AC利于形成去除BrO₃-的活性物质RuO₂,并且其能够均匀地分布在AC载体上,使催化反应进行得更为彻底,可在2 h内将BrO₃-全部去除.      

新农药联苯肼酯的光化学降解

以紫外灯和氙灯为光源对联苯肼酯的光化学降解进行研究,利用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法(HPLC-DAD)进行定性和定量分析,利用气质联用技术GC-MS)对联苯肼酯光降解产物进行初步推断.实验结果表明,在紫外灯光照下联苯肼酯在正己烷、乙腈、丙酮、水中的半衰期分别为3.60—7.67 min、3.64—10.30 min、16.31—26.45 min、23.02 min;在氙灯照射下联苯肼酯在正己烷、乙腈、丙酮、水中的半衰期分别为0.36—0.53 h、0.91—1.30 h、1.50—2.53 h、5.02 h.在两种光源照射下联苯肼酯在所有溶液中的光降解反应均符合一级反应动力学规律,光解速率为:正己烷乙腈丙酮水,联苯肼酯的光降解反应初步推断为氧化、水解反应.影响其降解速率的主要因素是光源、溶剂的种类以及溶液的初始浓度.     

Characteristic and correlation analysis of influent and energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants in Taihu Basin

Poor biodegradability and insufficient carbon source are discovered from influent. Influent indices presented positively normal distribution or skewed distribution. Average energy consumption of WWTPs in Taihu Basin was as high as 0.458 kWh/m³. Energy consumption increases with the increase in influent volume and COD reduction. The total energy consumption decreases with the NH₃-N reduction. The water quality and energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Taihu Basin were evaluated on the basis of the operation data from 204 municipal WWTPs in the basin by using various statistical methods. The influent ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total nitrogen (TN) of WWTPs in Taihu Basin showed normal distribution, whereas chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), suspended solid (SS), and total phosphorus (TP) showed positively skewed distribution. The influent BOD₅/COD was 0.4%–0.6%, only 39.2% SS/BOD₅ exceeded the standard by 36.3%, the average BOD₅/TN was 3.82, and the probability of influent BOD₅/TP>20 was 82.8%. The average energy consumption of WWTPs in Taihu Basin in 2017 was 0.458 kWh/m³. The specific energy consumption of WWTPs with a daily treatment capacity of more than 5 × 10⁴ m³ in Taihu Basin was stable at 0.33 kWh/m³. A power function relationship was observed between the reduction in COD and NH₃-N and the specific energy consumption of pollutant reduction, and the higher the pollutant reduction is, the lower the specific energy consumption of pollutant reduction presents. In addition, a linear relationship existed between the energy consumption of WWTPs and the specific energy consumption of influent volume and pollutant reduction. Therefore, upgrading and operation with less energy consumption of WWTPs is imperative and the suggestions for Taihu WWTPs based on stringent discharge standard are proposed in detail.     

Municipal wastewater treatment in China: Development history and future perspectives

The history of China’s municipal wastewater management is revisited. The remaining challenges in wastewater sector in China are identified. New concept municipal wastewater treatment plants are highlighted. An integrated plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery is envisaged. China has the world’s largest and still growing wastewater sector and water market, thus its future development will have profound influence on the world. The high-speed development of China’s wastewater sector over the past 40 years has forged its global leading treatment capacity and innovation ability. However, many problems were left behind, including underdeveloped sewers and sludge disposal facilities, low sustainability of the treatment processes, questionable wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharge standards, and lacking global thinking on harmonious development between wastewater management, human society and the nature. Addressing these challenges calls for fundamental changes in target design, policy and technologies. In this mini-review, we revisit the development history of China’s municipal wastewater management and identify the remaining challenges. Also, we highlight the future needs of sustainable development and exploring China’s own wastewater management path, and outlook the future from several aspects including targets of wastewater management, policies and technologies, especially the new concept WWTP. Furthermore, we envisage the establishment of new-generation WWTPs with the vision of turning WWTP from a site of pollutant removal into a plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery and an integrated part urban ecology in China.     

基于多级模糊数学的矿山地质灾害指标体系设计

当前矿山地质灾害指标较为固定,缺少灵活性,较为死板。将多级模糊数学理论应用到金属矿山地质灾害指标体系设计中。结合金属矿山地质灾害不确定性的特征,设计多级模糊模型,进行主客观定权。在上述基础上,将设计的模型应用到灾害评估指标体系设计中。实验结果表明,该模型能够有效提高评估的灵活性,结果也更为准确。     

水分管理与施硅对水稻根表铁膜及砷镉吸收的影响

为探明水分管理与施硅对土壤砷（As）/镉（Cd）生物有效性、水稻根表铁膜与As/Cd吸收的影响,以贵州省开阳县某砷镉复合污染水稻土为供试土壤,进行了水稻盆栽种植.设5种水分管理模式：全生育期淹水（T1）;移栽到抽穗后三周（0~105 d）淹水,其余时期湿润灌溉（含水率50%~60%）（T2）;移栽到抽穗前三周（0~65 d）淹水,抽穗到抽穗后三周（84~105 d）淹水,其余时期湿润灌溉（T3）;抽穗到抽穗后三周（84~105 d）淹水,其余时期湿润灌溉（T4）和全生育期湿润灌溉（T5）.硅设不施硅和施硅这2个水平.结果表明,淹水/湿润灌溉较单一淹水或单一湿润灌溉更利于根表铁膜（DCB-Fe）的形成,DCB-As/Cd含量随DCB-Fe含量升高而升高;施硅使土壤pH升高,有效As/Cd含量降低,DCB-As含量增加,除淹水处理外的DCB-Fe/Cd含量降低.淹水时间越短,水稻各部位对Cd积累量越高,对As积累量越低.施硅使水稻各部位生物量升高,As/Cd含量降低.其中根、茎、叶和籽粒的Cd含量分别降低4.23%~31.06%、11.41%~52.90%、1.74%~35.73%和19.25%~39.76%,As含量分别降低1.47%~52.60%、6.12%~63.02%、2.97%~28.41%和16.33%~61.23%.5种水分管理中,施硅结合T3水分管理可以实现水稻生物量最高及水稻对砷镉吸收量最小.因此,根据As/Cd实际污染情况合理进行水分管理与施硅可以有效降低土壤As/Cd生物有效性进而减少水稻对As/Cd的累积,实现农田安全生产.