MONTANA'S EXPERIENCE IN RESERVING YELLOWSTONE RIVER WATER FOR INSTREAM BENEFICIAL USES - THE RESERVATION DECISION1

ABSTRACT: The Yellowstone River in Montana produces an abundant supply of high quality water, but in the early 1970's, the specter of mushrooming energy development in the drainage with its attendant demands for large volumes of water prompted this state to initiate steps to protect existing users and to control future water uses. A Water Use Act was passed in 1973, and a moratorium was subsequently placed on the granting of new permits for major diversion. During this moratorium, various governmental entities were given the opportunity to request the reservation of water for future beneficial uses, including instream purposes. An earlier paper described the reservation applications that were received by the state, and it also summarized the legal framework of the reservation process in Montana. Since that time, the responsible state agency has had the opportunity to review the reservation requests, and its final decision in this regard was announced in December of 1978. This paper describes the details of this decision. Basically, an attempt was made to preserve the integrity of the stream while also strengthening its agricultural uses. In addition, a portion of the flow was not earmarked which will provide some flexibility in reacting to future demands.     

Global eddy permitting simulations of surface ocean nitrogen,iron, sulfur cycling

The geocycles of N, Fe and S in the ocean are tightly coupled and together exert strong influence on biogeochemistry of the earth system. We investigate this interaction by inserting macro-micronutrient cycling into a high resolution ocean model that realistically represents the general circulation. Simulated chlorophyll distributions reproduce many features of satellite-based measurements of ocean color. Meridional sections through model results and seasonally averaged SeaWiFS data agree reasonably well, both in the oligotrophic gyres and along fronts. Discrepancies are associated in many cases with shelf, ridge or island effects. Dimethyl sulfide peaks and their chlorophyll correlations are similar to those obtained on major oceanographic expeditions. Lack of strong regional relationships between the sulfide and phytoplankton may be partly explained by correspondence between time constants for production and for the traversal of mesoscale transport features. In general the eddies and filaments of tropical instability waves are well represented, including the onset of the 1997-1998 El Ni?o. North-south shifts of the transition zone chlorophyll front appear prominently in the results.     

Microbial enhancement of Cu2+ removal capacity of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.)

Bacteria resistant to Cu2+, Ni2+ or Zn2+ were isolated from the rhizosphere of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.)) and their metal ion removal capacities (RCs) were determined. The Ni2+ and Zn2+ RCs of the respective metal ion-resistant bacteria were less than 4.1 mg g(-1), while one of the Cu2+-resistant bacteria (Strain CU-1) showed a significant high Cu2+ RC of 10.6 mg g(-1). The effect of inoculating water hyacinth with Strain CU-1 on its Cu2+ RC was further studied. Water hyacinths were treated with an antibiotic, oxytetracycline (OTC), to remove most rhizospheric bacteria of plant roots. Inoculation of Strain CU-1 increased the Cu2+ RC of the plant root by 1.91 (OTC-treated) and 1.56 (OTC-untreated) folds respectively when compared with the control. Results also showed that Strain CU-1 colonized onto the plant root and led to the increase of Cu2+ RC of the roots of water hyacinth.     

RIVER RECREATION EXPERIENCE OPPORTUNITIES IN TWO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY SPECTRUM (ROS) CLASSES1

The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) system is used by the USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management for inventorying, classifying, and managing wildlands for recreation. Different ROS classes from the Colorado and Arkansas Rivers in Colorado were compared, using visitor survey data collected in 1979 and 1981, to see if the different classes offered different recreational experience opportunities. No difference between classes was found. Six possible reasons for not finding a difference are discussed. The usefulness of ROS at the broader levels of planning and the needs at more detailed levels of planning are noted.     

自备电厂锅炉安全存在问题及解决措施

对自备电厂锅炉的历史背景、安全现状以及安全存在问题的原因进行了详细的阐述,并列举出解决安全问题的措施及建议.     

构建我国综合防灾法律体系的探讨——源于汶川地震的思考

本文在汲取汶川地震抗震救灾经验教训的基础上,分析了我国防灾领域立法的现状和存在的问题,提出制定综合性"防灾减灾基本法",出台指导防灾减灾各阶段工作的基础性法律,加强各单灾种法律法规等构建我国综合防灾法律体系的对策.     

吹扫捕集-气质联机法测定水中三氯乙醛

用吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱法对水中三氯乙醛进行了测定,研究了吹扫时间、NaOH溶液加入量对三氯乙醛响应值的影响,确定的实验条件为:吹扫4 min,每40 ml水样中加入0.20 ml NaOH溶液,标准曲线范围在1.0～200μg/L时,线性相关系数可达0.999,取样量5 ml时,检出限0.21μg/L。精密度和准确度实验结果为:空白水分别加标2.0μg/L和20μg/L时,6次平行测定的平均回收率分别为108%和94.4%,RSD分别为3.1%和2.4%。     

NOx photocatalytic degradation on active concrete road surface — from experiment to real-scale application

The use of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) as a photocatalyst in concrete pavements has received considerable attention in recent years due to its ability to decontaminate via photocatalytic processes. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of activated concrete road in the degradation of nitrogen oxides (NO_x). We have used a TiO₂ and activated carbon (AC) permeable spray solution to coat concrete to assess its NO_x purifying ability. A number of experiments were undertaken to ascertain the conditions that affect NO_x purification. Indoor simulation experiments with active concrete road at optimum conditions show that it has good purification ability, self-regeneration and repetition ability, with a minimum decontamination rate for NO and NO₂ of 37.4% and 25.84%, respectively. Outdoor experiments show that the photodegradation of NO_x is related to light intensity and temperature. As the light intensity increases the reaction rate increases, and conversely as temperature increases the reaction rate decreases.     

孕鼠PFOS暴露对糖皮质激素水平及胎鼠生长发育的影响

为探究孕期全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)暴露与母源糖皮质激素(GC)水平、胎鼠生长发育之间的关系,将孕期为12 d(GD12)的24只SD雌性大鼠,随机分为4组给予不同剂量的PFOS(0,5,10,20 mg·kg-1),连续灌胃7 d,在GD19时对孕鼠和胎鼠的体重、胎鼠肝脏系数和肝脏生化指标、孕鼠血清的生化指标和GC水平、胎盘11β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶2(11β-HSD2)的酶学活性和胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)的mRNA表达水平分别进行检测。结果表明,与对照组相比:PFOS 20 mg·kg-1组,母鼠体重、胎鼠体重和体长显著下降(P0.001);PFOS 20 mg·kg-1组,胎鼠肝脏脏器系数低于对照组(P0.001);PFOS 10 mg·kg-1组,胎鼠肝脏中的酶活性(ALT、AST和ALP等)显著升高(P0.001);PFOS 20 mg·kg-1组,孕鼠血清GC水平升高(P0.05);胎盘IGF-1的mRNA表达水平随PFOS剂量升高而降低;胎盘11β-HSD2的活性随PFOS剂量升高而降低。研究表明,孕期暴露PFOS可以导致胎鼠肝脏毒性,降低胎盘11β-HSD2氧化活性导致GC浓度升高,进而影响胎鼠的生长发育。