Application of plant carbon source for denitrification by constructed wetland and bioreactor: review of recent development

Water quality standard for nitrate becomes more and more strict, and the plant carbon source is widely used for denitrification by constructed wetland (CW) and bioreactor. However, the nitrate removal efficiency by different types of plant carbon source are not evaluated comprehensively. Denitrification performance of different plant carbon sources, and the influence of dosing method and pretreatment are thoroughly reviewed in this paper, which aims to investigate the accurate utilization of plant carbon source for nitrogen (as nitrate) removal. It is concluded that plant carbon source addition for all types of CWs and bioreactors can improve the nitrate removal efficiency to some extent, and the dosing method of plant carbon source for denitrification should be further studied and optimized in the future. The popular carbon sources for CW and bioreactor denitrification enhancement are woodchip, chopped macrophytes, crop plants, macrophytes litters, etc. The recommended optimum C:N ratios for CW and bioreactor are 4.0:5.0 and 1.8:3.0, respectively. The physical and biological pretreatments are selected to supply organic carbon for long-term denitrification.     

石油石化应急管理工作的问卷调查与讨论

为分析石油石化企业应急管理工作中存在的矛盾问题,选取有代表性的24家企业作为调查对象,通过随机抽样方法选定620名员工的样本容量,设置企业应急管理中涉及的应急培训、应急处置卡、应急准备、应急资源等4方面15项代表性问题作为问卷调查内容;根据调查问卷结果及分析,提出企业在应急培训、处置、准备方面的薄弱环节以及不同企业和领导层间在应急管理中的差异性;根据分析结果,提出相关措施建议,为后续应急管理工作的改进完善提供决策支持。     

调蓄池在区域水系生态治理中的应用

在串湖流域黑臭水体污染治理过程中,调蓄池起到了合流污水截流及初期雨水面源污染控制的作用。本工程根据汇水分区的划分,共设置11座调蓄池,总调蓄容积为130500m^3。调蓄池的设置可最大限度地消减排入河道的污染物,同时对于控制初期雨水带来的面源污染至关重要。     

Dissipation of carbofuran and carbaryl on Oolong tea during tea bushes,manufacturing and roasting processes

Carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol-N-methylcarbamate) and carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) are insecticides widely used in tea plantations. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the dissipation of carbofuran and carbaryl during the growth periods of Oolong tea, processing and roasting. Analysis of the residual insecticides was carried out using high-pressure liquid chromatography with a post-column fluorescence detector. Results showed that in the tea field carbofuran dissipated faster then carbaryl. Manufacturing processes of Oolong tea further reduced the carbofuran and carbaryl contents. The persistence of carbofuran and carbaryl was decreased with increasing roasting temperature. From the results, we conclude that the presence of carbofuran and carbaryl in tea can be reduced by proper field management, manufacturing and roasting processes.     

CeO_x/AC催化剂NH_3选择性催化还原NO

以用不同浓度的HNO3预处理后的椰壳活性炭为载体,负载铈制备SCR催化剂。利用比表面积分析仪（BET）、X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）和催化剂活性实验,探讨了不同变量如金属离子的分布、焙烧温度和载体属性对催化活性的影响。结果表明,HNO3处理后,经500℃焙烧金属铈负载量为7%的催化剂表现出优良的催化性能。在90℃时,NO转化率在90%以上,随温度升高,达到接近100%的NO转化率。     

天然及CaCl2改性沸石对四环素的吸附

通过静态吸附实验研究了水中四环素在天然和CaCl2改性沸石上的吸附行为及机制。实验表明,天然沸石对四环素具有吸附能力,CaCl2改性可以提高沸石对四环素的吸附能力。天然和改性沸石对四环素的吸附符合拟二级动力学模型,颗粒内扩散不是吸附过程的主要控制步骤。Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)等温吸附模型可以较好地描述实验所用2种沸石对四环素的吸附行为,D-R等温方程拟合结果显示吸附过程包含离子交换作用。通过对天然和改性沸石吸附四环素前后溶液中主要阳离子浓度变化分析证实了该吸附过程包含离子交换作用。实验研究了pH值变化对沸石吸附四环素的影响,当pH=3～5时,天然和改性沸石对四环素的吸附量均随pH值的增加而急剧下降,而pH=5～10时,天然和改性沸石对四环素的吸附量变化均不明显,推测可能是离子交换作用和化学沉淀吸附作用所致。另外,实验还初步探索了溶液离子强度对沸石吸附四环素的影响情况,随着溶液中Na+和Ca2+离子强度的增加,吸附量先急剧降低随后趋向平稳,进一步说明了沸石对四环素的吸附过程不是由单一机制控制的。     

电化学法去除水中的硝酸根

以钛基氧化物涂层材料（Ti／SnO2-Sb2O5-IrO2）为阳极,碳纳米管修饰的石墨（GE—CNT）为阴极构建电化学系统进行硝酸根（NO3-）去除研究,考察了阴极材料、阴极电位和pH值对电化学法去除水中NO[的影响,同时检测了铵离子（NH4＋）和亚硝酸根（NO2-）的生成量。结果表明,利用碳纳米管修饰的石墨阴极可获得较好的硝态氮去除效果;随着阴极电位负移,NO3-去除率随之升高;酸性条件下NO3-去除率最高,NH;生成量也更多。对于由NO3-转化产生的NH4＋,在氯离子存在条件下再次进行电化学处理120min,其去除率可达97．1％。     

Effect of alkali catalyst on biodiesel production in South Korea from mixtures of fresh soybean oil and waste cooking oil

Biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) and soybean oil (SO) mixture was produced by changing the alkali catalyst (NaOH) content and the WCO to SO ratio in the feedstock. All the prepared biodiesel samples satisfied the standard requirement in terms of free glycerol, density, and acid value. The minimum catalyst content and the highest WCO composition to get biodiesel from the WCO/SO mixture feedstock without ruining the biodiesel properties were 1.0 and 60 wt %, respectively. This conclusion implies that the waste cooking oil mixture, which contains 40 wt % fresh soybean oil, could be treated like the fresh soybean oil to produce biodiesel, and that this behavior would be helpful to reduce the biodiesel production cost when waste cooking oil used as feedstock. The unsaturated methyl esters such as linoleic, and oleic acid were dominant (almost 80 % w/w) in the fresh soybean oil. However the saturated methyl ester was increased due to the double bond breaking during the frying process. These results may deteriorate the biodiesel quality by changing the methyl ester composition.     

Microbially mediated aerobic and anaerobic degradation of acrylamide in a western United States irrigation canal

Acrylamide (AMD), a neurotoxin and suspected carcinogen, is present at concentrations of up to 0.05% in linear anionic polyacrylamide, which is under evaluation as a temporary sealant in unlined irrigation canal systems across the United States. We examined the microbially mediated degradation of AMD and diversity of AMD-degrading microbial physiotypes in the Rocky Ford Highline Canal, Colorado to better constrain the potential fate ofAMD in a canal environment. Microorganisms able to use AMD (500 mg L(-1)) as a sole nitrogen source were relatively abundant (2.3 x 10(3) to 9.4 x 10(3) cells mL(-1) in water and 4.2 x 10(3) to 2.3 x 10(5) cells g(-1) in sediment). Only sediment samples contained microorganisms able to use AMD as a sole carbon source. Acrylamide (up to 100 mg L(-1)) was efficiently removed from amended canal water and sediment slurries under aerobic conditions, but no AMD degradation was observed in abiotic controls. Anaerobic degradation of AMD by nitrate-, sulfate-, and iron-reducing microorganisms was also tested, with nitrate reducers affecting the highest amounts of AMD removal (70.3-85%) after 60 d. All representatives (n=15) from a collection of 256 AMD-degrading microbial isolates from Rocky Ford Highline Canal were closely related to well characterized environmental bacteria capable of facultative nitrate respiration. Our results demonstrate that natural microbial populations within this canal are capable of AMD degradation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and that this degradation is performed by naturally abundant bacteria likely to be present in other freshwater irrigation canals or similar lotic habitats.     

Spatial Organization Mechanism of Aircraft Manufacturing

Unquestionably, aircraft industry plays an important part in both economy and security of a nation. However, few of articles have dealt with the spatial development of this industry sector. The purpose of this article is to analyze the dynamics of agglomeration and diffusion of aircraft industry.In a historical view, with some spatial analysis methods, this research discusses the characteristics and patterns of aircraft industry's spatial organization and evolution, globally, nationally and regionally respectively. We find out there is a 'Matthew effect' in aircraft industry of the world, and the spatial evolution of the industry is consistent with the nation's industrialization process. Then, it concludes that the main agglomeration forces consist of capital, talents, technology and cluster's advantages, and the main diffusion forces include comparative advantages, cost and risk sharing, emerging markets, development policy for backward regions and military requirements. All the factors can be divided into market forces making the spatial development of aircraft industry normal and non-market forces making that irregular. In particular, lessons from the USA and France are expected to be conducive to the rise of China's aircraft industry in the future.