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41.
Dimitris Dermatas Xinde Cao Valentina Tsaneva Gang Shen Dennis G. Grubb 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2006,6(1-2):143-155
This study investigates the fate and behavior of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), antimony (Sb), and arsenic (As) in a shooting range
soil. The soil samples were collected from the surface (0–15 cm) and the subsurface (15–40 cm and 40–55 cm) of a grassy and
wood chip covered impact area behind a firing position. Optical microscopy images indicate significant amounts of corroded
bullet fragments and organic wood chips in the surface soil. Analysis by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and scanning electron
microscopy electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) showed that metallic Pb was transformed into lead oxides (litharge
PbO and massicot PbO) and lead carbonates (hydrocerussite Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2, cerussite PbCO3, and plumbonacrite Pb5(CO3)3O(OH)2). Rietveld quantification indicated the surface soil contained 14.1% metallic Pb, 17.9% hydrocerussite, 5.2% plumbonacrite,
5.9% litharge, and 3.9% massicot on a dry weight basis, or a total of 39.7% Pb, far in excess of lead concentrations typically
found in US shooting range soils. Metallic Cu (bullet jacket material) appeared stable as no secondary minerals were detected
in the surface soil. As and Sb concentrations were on the order of 1,057 mg/kg and 845 mg/kg respectively. The elevated soil
pH coupled with high organic carbon content is thought to have caused downward migration of metals, especially for Pb, since
4,153 mg Pb/kg was observed at a depth of 55 cm. More than 60% of Pb was concentrated in the coarse soil (> 0.425 mm) fraction,
suggesting soil clean-up possible by physical soil washing may be viable. The concentrations of Pb, As, and Sb in the toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) extracts were 8,869 mg/L, 6.72 mg/L, and 6.42 mg/L respectively, were above the USEPA
non-hazardous regulatory limit (As and Pb) of 5 mg/L. The elevated Sb and As concentrations draw concern because there is
historically limited information concerning these metals at firing ranges and several values exceeded local soil cleanup criteria.
As the high Pb concentrations appeared to be linked to the presence of organic-rich berm cover materials, the use of wood
chips as berm cover to prevent soil erosion requires reconsideration as a shooting range management practice. 相似文献
42.
ALan F. Rees Dimitris Margaritoulis Robert Newman Thomas E. Riggall Paul Tsaros Judith A. Zbinden Brendan J. Godley 《Marine Biology》2013,160(3):519-529
Much is still to be learned about the spatial ecology of foraging marine turtles, especially for juveniles and adult males which have received comparatively little attention. Additionally, there is a paucity of ecological information on growth rates, size and age at maturity, and sex ratios at different life stages; data vital for successful population modelling. Here, we present results of a long-term (2002–2011) study on the movements, residency, growth and sex ratio of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in Amvrakikos Gulf (39°0′N 21°0′E), Greece, using satellite telemetry (N = 8) and ongoing capture–mark–recapture (CMR; N = 300 individuals). Individuals encountered at sea ranged from large juvenile to adult (46.2–91.5 cm straight carapace length) and demonstrated growth rates within published norms (<2.7 cm yr?1) that slowed with increasing body size. We revealed that an unexpectedly high proportion of animals were male (>44 % of captures above 65 cm straight carapace length), compared to region-wide female-biased hatchling production, indicating sex-biased survival or possible behavioural drivers for likelihood of capture in the region. Satellite tracking confirmed that some turtles establish discrete, protracted periods of residency spanning more than 1 year, whilst others migrated away from the site. These findings are underlined by CMR results with individual capture histories spanning up to 7 years, and only 18 % of individuals being recaptured. 相似文献
43.
Mohammad Nahid Siddiqui Halim Hamid Redhwi Dimitris S. Achilias Elena Kosmidou Eythimia Vakalopoulou Maria D. Ioannidou 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2018,26(2):423-433
One of the major disadvantages of polymers when used in food-contact applications is that they are very susceptible to microbial attack. On the other hand, silver nanoparticles have received increased attention as novel antimicrobial agents. Therefore, the introduction of silver nanoparticles into conventional polymers results in new materials with improved properties. In this investigation, colloidal silver nanoparticles using an environmentally friendly procedure were synthesized. An aqueous solution of AgNO3 was used as a silver precursor with ‘green’ reducing agents either different types of honey, or β-d-glucose. In the first case, different pH values, as well as the addition of poly(ethylene glycol), PEG were studied, while in the latter, the effect of reduction time in the presence of PEG with various average molecular weights was examined. Properties of the nanoparticles were measured using X-Ray diffraction, UV–Vis and FTIR spectroscopy. Using honey it seems that spherical particles are produced with the smaller average particle size obtained at pH 8.5. Use of honey has the advantage of being a natural product, although its main drawback is that its composition varies and it cannot be predefined to result in reproducible results. Use of β-d-glucose results in stable silver nanoparticles with small average particle size after 24 h reduction. The addition of low molecular weight PEG seems to be beneficial in the production of stable nanoparticles. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles produced was investigated at different concentrations on both Gram positive and negative bacteria, such as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. 相似文献
44.
Stergios Vakalis Carlo Caligiuri Konstantinos Moustakas Dimitris Malamis Massimiliano Renzi Marco Baratieri 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2018,25(36):35866-35873
There is a growing market demand for small-scale biomass gasifiers that is driven by the economic incentives and the legislative framework. Small-scale gasifiers produce a gaseous fuel, commonly referred to as producer gas, with relatively low heating value. Thus, the most common energy conversion systems that are coupled with small-scale gasifiers are internal combustion engines. In order to increase the electrical efficiency, the operators choose dual fuel engines and mix the producer gas with diesel. The Wiebe function has been a valuable tool for assessing the efficiency of dual fuel internal combustion engines. This study introduces a thermodynamic model that works in parallel with the Wiebe function and calculates the emissions of the engines. This “vis-à-vis” approach takes into consideration the actual conditions inside the cylinders—as they are returned by the Wiebe function—and calculates the final thermodynamic equilibrium of the flue gases mixture. This approach aims to enhance the operation of the dual fuel internal combustion engines by identifying the optimal operating conditions and—at the same time—advance pollution control and minimize the environmental impact. 相似文献
45.
Dimitris Dermatas Mike Dadachov Xiaoguang Meng 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1363-1372
Abstract Artificially contaminated (spiked) natural soils were solidified/stabilized using various combinations of commonly used additives, such as lime, cement, fly ash, activated carbon, and silica fume. The effectiveness of the solidification/stabilization (S/S) processes was evaluated based on experimental findings from compaction testing, unconfined compressive shear strength, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Correlations of limited reliability between unconfined compressive strength and penetrometer and torvane measurements were derived. Results from XRD experiments indicated that certain organic contaminants (i.e., naphthalene and pyrene) might impact the S/S processes for a given combination of additives. The type and amount of organic contaminants also affected the pozzolanic reactions. Specifically, the absence or small peak intensity of pozzolanic product XRD patterns for a given combination of additives was a good indication that the type and the amount of organic contaminant present inhibited pozzolanic reactions. This phenomenon was tested and confirmed for actual field-contaminated samples. 相似文献
46.
The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) is the current US-EPA standard protocol to evaluate metal leachability
in wastes and contaminated soils. However, application of TCLP to assess lead (Pb) leachability from contaminated shooting
range soils may be questionable. This study determined Pb leachability in the range soils using TCLP and another US-EPA regulatory
leaching method, synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP). Possible mechanisms that are responsible for Pb leaching
in each leaching protocol were elucidated via X-ray diffraction (XRD). Soil samples were collected from the backstop berms
at four shooting ranges, with Pb concentrations ranging from 5,000 to 60,600 mg kg−1 soil. Lead concentrations in the TCLP leachates were from 3 to 350 mg l−1, with all but one soil exceeding the USEPA non-hazardous waste disposal limit of 5 mg l−1. However, continued dissolution of metallic Pb particles from spent Pb bullets and its re-precipitation as cerussite (PbCO3) prevented the TCLP extraction from reaching equilibrium at the end of the standard leaching period (18 h). Thus, the standard
one-point TCLP test would either over- or under-estimate Pb leachability in shooting range soils. Lead concentration in the
SPLP leachates ranged from 0.021 to 2.6 mg l−1, with all soils above the USEPA regulatory limit of 0.015 mg l−1. In contrast to TCLP, SPLP leaching had reached equilibrium, with regard to both pH and Pb concentrations, within the standard
18 h leaching period, and the analytical SPLP results were in good agreement with those derived from modeling. Thus, we concluded
that SPLP is a more appropriate alternative than TCLP for assessing lead leachability in range soils. 相似文献
47.
48.
Konstantinos Kostarelos Daniela Reale Dimitris Dermatas Ennio Rao Deok Hyun Moon 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2006,6(1-2):171-189
The presence of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in soil is an environmental concern due to its effect on human health. The concern
arises from the leaching and the seepage of Cr(VI) from soil to groundwater. In this paper, a stabilization technology to
prevent this problem was simulated on an artificial soil contaminated with hexavalent chromium. The process is a physico-chemical
treatment in which the toxic pollutant is physically entrapped within a solid matrix formed by the pozzolanic reactions of
lime and fly ash to reduce its leachability and, therefore, its toxicity. This paper presents the optimum ratio of fly ash
and lime in order to stabilize artificial soils contaminated with 0.4 wt.% of Cr (VI) in a brief term process. The degree
of chromium released from the soil was evaluated using a modified Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) by US
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Overall, experimental results showed reduced leachability of total and hexavalent chromium
from soils treated with both fly ash and quicklime, and that leachability reduction was more effective with increasing amount
of fly ash and quicklime. Stabilization percentages between 97.3% and 99.7% of the initial chromium content were achieved,
with Cr(VI) concentration in the TCLP leachates below the US EPA limit for chromium of 5 mg/l. Adequate treatment was obtained
after 1 day of curing with just 25% fly ash and 10% quicklime. 相似文献
49.
Skarlatos D 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2003,85(1):55-67
A common practice in random noise measurements is to assume that the noise samples are normally distributed. Since the sound pressure level (L
p) is related with the sound energy by a non linear equation, the distribution of the two variables will be different. If one assumes that the probability density function (pdf) of L
p is normal, the pdf of noise energy is not and vice versa. A simple criterion based on statistical properties of sampled noise can be used for the determination of the kind of distribution of the measured noise. The case in which the noise energy emitted by the source, and the case in which the measured noise level is normally distributed are examined. For each case confidence intervals of the calculated equivalent level are calculated. 相似文献
50.
Dimitris Karlis Vassilis G. S. Vasdekis Maria Banti 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2009,16(3):355-367
Heteroscedastic additive and multiplicative models are proposed to disaggregate household data on water consumption from Athens
and provide individual consumption estimates. The models adjust for heteroscedasticity assuming that variances relate to covariates.
Household characteristics that can influence consumption are also included into models in order to allow for a clearer measurement
of individual characteristics effects. Estimation is accomplished through a penalized least squares approach. The method is
applied to a sample of real data related to domestic water consumption in Athens. The results show a greater consumption of
water for males while the single-female households are these that use the lowest quantities of water. The consumption curves
by age and gender are constructed presenting differences between the two sexes.
相似文献
Vassilis G. S. VasdekisEmail: |