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101.
Taylor S. Roumeliotis Brad J. Dixon Bill J. Van Heyst 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(31):3770-3777
This paper characterizes the emission rates of size fractionated particulate matter, inorganic aerosols, acid gases, ammonia and methane measured over four flocks at a commercial broiler chicken facility. Mean emission rates of each pollutant, along with sampling notes, were reported in this paper, the first in a series of two. Sampling notes were needed because inherent gaps in data may bias the mean emission rates.The mean emission rates of PM10 and PM2.5 were 5.0 and 0.78 g day?1 [Animal Unit, AU]?1, respectively, while inorganic aerosols mean emission rates ranged from 0.15 to 0.46 g day?1 AU?1 depending on the season. The average total acid gas emission rate was 0.43 g day?1 AU?1 with the greatest contribution from nitrous and nitric acids and little contribution from sulfuric acid (as SO2).Ammonia emissions were seasonally dependent, with a mean emission rate of 66.0 g day?1 AU?1 in the cooler seasons and 94.5 g day?1 AU?1 during the warmer seasons. Methane emissions were relatively consistent with a mean emission rate of 208 g day?1 AU?1.The diurnal pattern in each pollutant’s emission rate was relatively consistent after normalizing the hourly emissions according to each daily mean emission rate. Over the duration of a production cycle, all the measured pollutants’ emissions increased proportionally to the total live mass of birds in the house, with the exception of ammonia.Interrelationships between pollutants provide evidence of mutually dependent release mechanisms, which suggests that it may be possible to fill data gaps with minimal data requirements. In the second paper (Roumeliotis, T.S., Dixon, B.J., Van Heyst, B.J. Characterization of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter emission rates from a commercial broiler operation part II: correlated emission rates. Atmospheric Environment, 2010.), regression correlations are developed to estimate daily mean emission rates for data gaps and, using the normalized hourly diurnal patterns from this paper, emission factors were generated for each pollutant. 相似文献
102.
103.
Danilo Urzedo Simone Pedrini Daniel L. M. Vieira Alexandre B. Sampaio Bruna D. F. Souza Eduardo Malta Campos-Filho Fatima C. M. Pia-Rodrigues Isabel B. Schmidt Rodrigo G. P. Junqueira Kingsley Dixon 《Ambio》2022,51(3):557
The UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration is poised to trigger the recovery of ecosystem services and transform structural injustices across the world in a way unparalleled in human history. The inclusion of diverse Indigenous and local communities to co-create robust native seed supply systems is the backbone to achieve the goals for the Decade. Here we show how community-based organizations have co-developed native seed supply strategies for landscape restoration from the bottom-up. We draw on the interconnections over two decades of seed networks in Brazil and the emerging Indigenous participation in native seed production in Australia. From an environmental justice perspective, we provide a participatory seed supply approach for local engagement, noting local geographical, social and cultural contexts. Meeting large-scale restoration goals requires the connection between local seed production and collaborative platforms to negotiate roles, rights and responsibilities between stakeholders. An enduring native seed supply must include a diversity of voices and autonomy of community groups that builds equitable participation in social, economic, and environmental benefits. 相似文献
104.
Understanding Managers’ Views of Global Environmental Risk 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This research investigated managers’ views of two global environmental risks: climate change and loss of biodiversity. The
intent was to understand why different managers place varying levels of attention and priority on these issues. The data came
from in-depth interviews with 28 senior corporate managers across Canada and a range of sectors, although most were employed
in the energy sector. Approximately half had direct environmental responsibilities and half had other management duties. Grounded
theory was used to collect and analyze the data. From the results, a theoretical framework was constructed to explain important
factors that can influence managers’ mental models of environmental risk. Four factors relevant to managers’ appraisal of
the threat of environmental risk include: (1) salience, (2) intrinsic value of nature, (3) knowledge, and (4) perceived resilience
of nature. In addition, four factors relevant to managers’ view of the appeal of a particular response strategy were: (1)
avoidability, (2) perceived costs and benefits, (3) fairness and equity, and (4) effectiveness. The time horizon for decision
making was seen as being important in both portions of the mental model. 相似文献
105.
享有"泉城"美誉的济南市以丰沛优质的地下水闻名于世,构成了以"泉"为中心的城市风貌,旧城区2.6 km2范围内分布着136处名泉. 相似文献
106.
Tilo Ziehn Nick S. Dixon Alison S. Tomlin 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(37):5978-5988
A combined Lagrangian stochastic model with micro-mixing and chemical sub-models is used to investigate a reactive plume of nitrogen oxides (NOx) released into a turbulent grid flow doped with ozone (O3). Sensitivities to the model input parameters are explored for different source NOx scenarios. The wind tunnel experiments of Brown and Bilger (1996) provide the simulation conditions for the first case study where photolysis reactions are not included and the main uncertainties occur in parameters defining the turbulence scales, source size and reaction rate of NO with O3. Using nominal values of the parameters from previous studies, the model gives a good representation of the radial profile of the conserved mean scalar although slightly over predicts peak mean NO2 concentrations compared to the experiments. The high dimensional model representation (HDMR) method is used to investigate the effects of uncertainties in model inputs on the simulation of chemical species concentrations. For this scenario, the Lagrangian velocity structure function coefficient has the largest impact on simulated profiles. Photolysis reactions are then included in a chemical scheme consisting of eight reactions between species NO, O, O3 and NO2. Independent and interactive effects of 22 input parameters are studied for two source NOx scenarios using HDMR, including turbulence parameters, temperature dependant rate parameters, photolysis rates, temperature, fraction of NO in total NOx at the source and background ozone concentration [O3]. For this reactive case, the variance in the predicted mean plume centre is caused by parameters describing both physical (mixing time-scale coefficient) and chemical processes (activation energy for the reaction O3+NO). The variance in predicted plume centre and root mean square NO2 concentration , is strongly influenced by the fraction of NO in the source NOx, and to a lesser extent the mixing time-scale coefficient. Adjusting the latter gives improved agreement with the Brown and Bilger experiment. Some weak parameter interactions are observed. 相似文献
107.
de Vos J Dixon R Vermeulen G Gorst-Allman P Cochran J Rohwer E Focant JF 《Chemosphere》2011,82(9):1230-1239
The disposal and dumping of toxic waste is a matter of growing concern in developing countries, including South Africa. Frequently these countries do not possess access to gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) for the determination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This publication describes an alternative approach to the investigation of toxic waste using comprehensive gas chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS). The technology permits both comprehensive screening of toxic samples for numerous classes of organic pollutants and also quantitative analysis for the individual compounds. This paper describes the use of this technique by analysing samples obtained from a hazardous waste treatment facility in South Africa. After sampling and extraction the samples were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and four dioxin-like non-ortho substituted polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The quantitative values, as well as detection limits, obtained using the GC × GC-TOFMS methodology compares well with those obtained using GC-HRMS; the accepted benchmark technology for this analysis. Although GC × GC-TOFMS is not a target compound analytical technique (as is GC-HRMS), it is possible to obtain information on numerous other classes of organic pollutants present in the samples in one analytical run. This is not possible with GC-HRMS. Several different column combinations have been investigated for handling very complex waste samples and suggestions are presented for the most suitable combination. 相似文献
108.
Granger SJ Bol R Dixon L Naden PS Old GH Marsh JK Bilotta G Brazier R White SM Haygarth PM 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2010,12(5):1159-1169
A study was undertaken on drained and undrained 1 ha grassland lysimeters to assess the effectiveness of multiple novel tracing techniques in understanding how agricultural slurry waste moves from land to water. Artificial fluorescent particles designed to mimic the size and density of organic slurry particles were found to move off the grassland via inter-flow (surface + lateral through-flow) and drain-flow. Where both pathways were present the drains carried the greater number of particles. The results of the natural fluorescence and δ13C of water samples were inconclusive. Natural fluorescence was higher from slurry-amended lysimeters than from zero-slurry lysimeters, however, a fluorescence decay experiment suggested that no slurry signal should be present given the time between slurry application and the onset of drainage. The δ13C values of >0.7 microm and <0.7 microm material in drainage were varied and unrelated to discharge. The mean value of >0.7 microm δ13C in water from the drain-flow pathways was higher from the lysimeter which had received naturally enriched maize slurry compared to the lysimeter which received grass slurry indicating a contribution of slurry-derived material. Values of <0.7 microm δ13C from the same pathway, however, produced counter intuitive trends and may indicate that different fractions of the slurry have different δ13C values. 相似文献
109.
William F. Vevers David R. Dixon Linda R.J. Dixon 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(5):1702-1709
The effect of high hydrostatic pressures on the ecotoxicological profile of pollutants is an unexplored research area. Using Pomatoceros lamarcki as a surrogate organism for this eco-barotoxicological study, it was found that in a 48 h larval bioassay with water accommodated fractions (WAF) of crude oil of up to 15.1 mg L−1 (total hydrocarbon content) and hydrostatic pressures up to 300 bar (3000 m), an additive response was found (p < 0.001) rather than any synergism (p = 0.881). Comprehensive cytogenetic analysis of 6-h (15 °C) embryos exposed to WAF (0.19 mg L−1) at 100 bar showed no effects on mitotic fidelity or cell division rate over the 1 bar treatment. However, embryo's treated with the clastogen mitomycin-c at 100 bar exhibited a significant increase in mitotic aberrations over 1 bar treated as was the case with hypo/hypersaline treatments (p < 0.05). Conversely, an increase in hydrostatic pressure actually reduced the effects of spindle inhibition by the aneugen colchicine (p < 0.05). 相似文献
110.
Burger J Murray S Gaines KF Novak JM Punshon T Dixon C Gochfeld M 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,112(1-3):35-52
Levels of 18 elements, including lead, mercury, selenium, and uranium, were examined in three species of snakes from an exposed
and reference site on the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site in South Carolina. We tested the hypotheses that there
were no differences as a function of species, and there were no difference between the exposed and control site for blood
and muscle (tail) samples for banded water snake (Nerodia fasciata), brown water snake (N. taxispilota) and cottonmouth (Akistrodon piscivorous). The banded water snakes collected were significantly smaller than the other two species. For blood, there were significant
species differences only for barium, copper, selenium, uranium and zinc, while for muscle tissue there were significant interspecific
differences in aluminum, arsenic, barium, cobalt, cesium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, manganese, strontium, vanadium and
zinc, suggesting that muscle tissue in the tail is a better indicator of potential interspecific differences. It is also easier
logistically to collect tail tissue than blood. Where one species had significantly higher levels than the other species in
muscle tissue levels, cottonmouth had higherlevels of five elements (aluminum, cobalt, lead, mercury, vanadium), brown water
snake had two (lead, strontium), and banded water snake had only barium. There were few significant differences between the
control and reference site for levels of blood, but several for muscle tissue. All three species had significantly higher
levels of arsenic and manganese at Tim's Branch than the reference site, and nickel and uranium were significantly higher
for banded watersnake and cottonmouth, the larger species. Individuals with high exposure of one element were exposed to high
levels of other elements. 相似文献