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781.
Crystal K. Reul-Chen Charles Ross Nancy L.C. Steele Arthur M. Winer 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(2):241-247
Abstract To reduce public exposure to diesel particulate matter (DPM), the California Air Resources Board has begun adoption of a series of rules to reduce these emissions from in-use heavy-duty vehicles. Passive diesel particulate filter (DPF) after-treatment technologies are a cost-effective method to reduce DPM emissions and have been used on a variety of vehicles worldwide. Two passive DPFs were interim-verified in California and approved federally for use in most 1994–2002 engine families for vehicles meeting min engine exhaust temperature requirements for successful filter regeneration. Some vehicles, however, may not be suited to passive DPFs because of lower engine exhaust temperatures. The purpose of this study was to determine the applicability of two types of passive DPFs to solid waste collection vehicles, the group of vehicles for which California recently mandated in-use DPM reductions. We selected 60 collection vehicles to represent the four main types of collection vehicle duty cycles—roll-offs, and front-end, rear, and side loaders—and collected second-by-second engine exhaust temperature readings for one week from each vehicle. As a group, the collection vehicles exhibited low engine exhaust temperatures, making the application of passive DPFs to these vehicles difficult. Only 35% of tested vehicles met the temperature requirements for one passive DPF, whereas 60% met the temperature requirements for the other. Engine exhaust temperatures varied by vehicle type. Side and front-end loaders met the engine exhaust temperature requirements in the greatest number of cases with ~50–90% achieving the required regeneration temperatures. Only 8–25% of the rear loader and roll-off collection vehicles met the engine exhaust temperature requirements. Solid waste collection vehicles represent a diverse fleet with a variety of duty cycles. Low engine exhaust temperatures will need to be addressed for successful use of passive DPFs in this application. 相似文献
782.
Thomas PJ Mineau P Shore RF Champoux L Martin PA Wilson LK Fitzgerald G Elliott JE 《Environment international》2011,37(5):914-920
Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) are widely used to control rodent pests but exposure and poisonings occur in non-target species, such as birds of prey. Liver residues are often analysed to detect exposure in birds found dead but their use to assess toxicity of SGARs is problematic. We analysed published data on hepatic rodenticide residues and associated symptoms of anticoagulant poisoning from 270 birds of prey using logistic regression to estimate the probability of toxicosis associated with different liver SGAR residues. We also evaluated exposure to SGARs on a national level in Canada by analysing 196 livers from great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) found dead at locations across the country. Analysis of a broader sample of raptor species from Quebec also helped define the taxonomic breadth of contamination. Calculated probability curves suggest significant species differences in sensitivity to SGARs and significant likelihood of toxicosis below previously suggested concentrations of concern (<0.1mg/kg). Analysis of birds from Quebec showed that a broad range of raptor species are exposed to SGARs, indicating that generalised terrestrial food chains could be contaminated in the vicinity of the sampled areas. Of the two species for which we had samples from across Canada, great horned owls are exposed to SGARs to a greater extent than red-tailed hawks and the liver residue levels were also higher. Using our probability estimates of effect, we estimate that a minimum of 11% of the sampled great horned owl population is at risk of being directly killed by SGARs. This is the first time the potential mortality impact of SGARs on a raptor population has been estimated. 相似文献
783.
Fish advisories for polychlorinated biphenyls (total-PCBs) and mercury are often given on a length-specific basis and fish sex is usually not considered. The relationship between concentration and length is well established for mercury, however its suitability for total-PCBs and the influence of sex over the large scale covered by most monitoring programs is not well known. Here we use what is perhaps the largest consistent sport fish contaminant dataset to evaluate the relationship between total-PCB/mercury and length and sex. We evaluated seven of the most commonly consumed fishes from the Canadian Great Lakes and two Ontario (Canada) inland lakes. For mercury, the relationship between concentration and length was significant (p<0.05) in most fish species and locations. For total-PCB, this relationship was also generally significant in Chinook salmon and lake trout, which are the species with the most advisories for this compound. In contrast, significant relationships were found less often for whitefish, northern pike, smallmouth bass, walleye, and especially yellow perch. However, mercury usually drives fish consumption advisories for these species. Overall, our results support the protocol of issuing contaminant advice on a length-specific basis in fish monitoring programs with reasonable confidence when at least a moderate number of samples over the natural size range of a species are included in the analysis. Sex differences were common for walleye (males>females, p<0.05) but not other species, suggesting that an equal number of male and female walleye should be used in deriving fish advisories for walleye. 相似文献
784.
S.M. Pan S.G. TimsX.Y. Liu L.K. Fifield 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(10):930-936
A sediment core collected from the sub-aqueous delta of the Yangtze River estuary was subjected to analyses of 137Cs and plutonium (Pu) isotopes. The 137Cs was measured using γ-spectrometry at the laboratories at the Nanjing University and Pu isotopes were determined with Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS), measurements made at the Australian National University. The results show considerable structure in the depth concentration profiles of the 137Cs and 239+240Pu. The shape of the vertical 137Cs distribution in the sediment core was similar to that of the Pu. The maximum 137Cs and 239+240Pu concentrations were 16.21 ± 0.95 mBq/g and 0.716 ± 0.030 mBq/g, respectively, and appear at same depth. The average 240Pu/239Pu atom ratio was 0.238 ± 0.007 in the sediment core, slightly higher than the average global fallout value. The changes in the 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios in the sediment core indicate the presence of at least two different Pu sources, i.e., global fallout and another source, most likely close-in fallout from the Pacific Proving Grounds (PPG) in the Marshall Islands, and suggest the possibility that Pu isotopes are useful as a geochronological tool for coastal sediment studies. The 137Cs and 239+240Pu inventories were estimated to be 7100 ± 1200 Bq/m2 and 407 ± 27 Bq/m2, respectively. Approximately 40% of the 239+240Pu inventory originated from the PPG close-in fallout and about 50% has derived from land-origin global fallout transported to the estuary by the river. This study confirms that AMS is a useful tool to measure 240Pu/239Pu atom ratio and can provide valuable information on sedimentary processes in the coastal environment. 相似文献
785.
Thaddeus Chidi Nzeadibe Chukwuedozie K. Ajaero 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(1):163-177
Solid waste management (SWM) in many low- and middle-income countries is sometimes driven by the informal sector. Unfortunately,
contributions of the sector to SWM are not acknowledged in many developing countries. This situation often arises from inadequate
awareness and lack of advocacy for these development contributions. This article reports on the impact of a study conducted
by final-year geography undergraduates on the informal waste management sector in Nsukka urban area, Nigeria. The purposes
of this exercise were to stimulate development intervention on behalf of the sector to improve perceptions, attitudes and
performance, to impart a range of development research skills and to expose the students to the business opportunities provided
by SWM and recycling. Informal waste sector workers and government officials responsible for SWM were interviewed, and some
commercial data on recycling operations were collected. Findings of this study indicate that such advocacy initiatives were
effective in increasing students’ awareness of opportunities and interest in working in the informal waste sector to promote
better SWM and development in Nigeria. Lessons from this university case study are also drawn for other developing countries
struggling to achieve the poverty reduction and job creation Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). 相似文献
786.
Matilda Palm Madelene Ostwald Indu K. Murthy Rajiv K. Chaturvedi N. H. Ravindranath 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(2):423-435
This paper analyses environmental and socio-economic barriers for plantation activities on local and regional level and investigates
the potential for carbon finance to stimulate the increased rates of forest plantation on wasteland, i.e., degraded lands,
in southern India. Building on multidisciplinary field work and results from the model GCOMAP, the aim is to (1) identify
and characterize the barriers to plantation activities in four agro-ecological zones in the state of Karnataka and (2) investigate
what would be required to overcome these barriers and enhance the plantation rate and productivity. The results show that
a rehabilitation of the wasteland based on plantation activities is not only possible but also anticipated by the local population
and would lead to positive environmental and socio-economic effects at a local level. However, in many cases, the establishment
of plantation activities is hindered by a lack of financial resources, low land productivity and water scarcity. Based on
the model used and the results from the field work, it can be concluded that certified emission reductions such as carbon
credits or other compensatory systems may help to overcome the financial barrier; however, the price needs to be significantly
increased if these measures are to have any large-scale impact. 相似文献
787.
Stakeholder engagement in social learning to resolve controversies over land-use change to plantation forestry 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Rapid land-use change arising from incentives for afforestation has created tensions in rural communities previously dominated
by agricultural enterprises. This paper reports on an innovative experiment with social learning that incorporated participatory
modelling to resolve community concerns in a case study of plantation forestry in the Upper Clarence catchment of north-eastern
NSW Australia. The development of a diagnostic framework helped identify socioeconomic and environmental issues within the
community for investigation by a self-selected participatory advisory committee (PAC) representing a diversity of views. Implementation
of a social learning exercise offered empathetic and intellectual engagement among PAC members that maintained interest, built
confidence, and improved problem-solving capacity while fostering group ownership over decision making. A shared understanding
of dynamic landscape problems helped empower participants to collaboratively develop solutions for improved management and
operational practices, and cooperate to explore further options for plantation industry development under existing policy
guidelines which are presented in this paper. As a result of frank discussions between diverse stakeholders in a mutually
respectful learning environment that combined local, scientific and expert knowledge, concerns dissipated and participants
developed a more favourable view of plantation forestry activity. 相似文献
788.
Adaptive capacity determinants in developed states: examples from the Nordic countries and Russia 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
E. Carina H. Keskitalo Halvor Dannevig Grete K. Hovelsrud Jennifer J. West Åsa Gerger Swartling 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(3):579-592
Adaptive capacity in a community context has so far mainly been studied in developing countries as well as indigenous communities
in the industrialised world. This article adds to that literature through reviewing studies undertaken in the Nordic countries
and Russia, highlighting the ways in which general determinants of adaptive capacity play out in Northern, industrialised
contexts. The paper illustrates that the determinants of adaptive capacity in industrialised states exhibit systematic differences
from mixed subsistence-cash based communities such as those found in Arctic Canada. We discuss in particular the importance
of economic resources in a market-based system, technological competition, and infrastructure, in determining adaptive capacity
of natural resource-dependent communities in the Nordic countries and Russia. The paper also illustrates differences in adaptive
capacity within the case study region, including between peripheral and central locations with regard to economic resources
and diversification possibilities, and between Nordic and Russian cases with regard to infrastructure and technology access.
The findings indicate that understanding of determinants of adaptive capacity in resource-dependent communities would benefit
from both further contextualisation and broad comparison, across different types of political and administrative systems. 相似文献
789.
Meghann E. Jarchow Justin W. Rice Rebekah M. Ritson Sarah K. Hargreaves 《Sustainability Science》2011,6(2):253-254
Conference organizers are increasingly making efforts to reduce resource use at conferences, yet few responsibilities are
placed on attendees. We hosted an ecology conference and offered attendees a discount if they took a sustainability pledge
agreeing to reduce their resource use at the conference. In a post-conference survey, 83% of respondents reported fulfilling
the pledge, but 62% indicated that convenience was the biggest obstacle impeding their ability to continue the pledge during
and after the conference. We found great willingness by attendees to reduce resource use at and beyond our conference, and
facilitating their participation was an important part of our success. 相似文献
790.
Long-term (1860–2010) catchment mass balance calculations rely on models and assumptions which are sources of uncertainty
in acidification assessments. In this article, we report on an application of MAGIC to model acidification at the four Swedish
IM forested catchments that have been subject to differing degrees of acidification stress. Uncertainties in the modeled mass
balances were mainly associated with the deposition scenario and assumptions about sulfate adsorption and soil mass. Estimated
base cation (BC) release rates (weathering) varied in a relatively narrow range of 47–62 or 42–47 meq m−2 year−1, depending on assumptions made about soil cation exchange capacity and base saturation. By varying aluminum solubility or
introducing a dynamic weathering feedback that allowed BC release to increase at more acidic pHs, a systematic effect on predicted
changes in acid neutralizing capacity (ΔANC ca. 10–41 μeq l−1) and pH (ca. ΔpH = 0.1–0.6) at all sites was observed. More robust projections of future changes in pH and ANC are dependent
on reducing uncertainties in BC release rates, the timing, and extent of natural acidification through BC uptake by plants,
temporal changes in soil element pools, and fluxes of Al between compartments. 相似文献