Fuel Oil Additives for Controlling Air Contaminant Emissions

An addition of additives to fuel oils prior to combustion is one way of reducing combustible contaminant emissions to the outer air. Reported test results show that some additives improve, moderately, the combustive properties of fuel oils. Combustion is also improved but to a lesser degree, in boiler systems that are deficient in operation and design. Being combustible, polynuclear hydrocarbons emissions would be reduced by use of additives. Other types of additives to reduce slagging and inhibit corrosion from combustion of fuel oils are also available. The cost of using additives is low. Improved additives are required, especially ones to better combustion in the deficient boiler systems. These can be found by research and literature surveys. Their effectiveness and nontoxicity would be confirmed by laboratory and field testing.     

Exclusion of chromosomal mosaicism in amniotic fluid cultures: Efficacy of in situ versus flask techniques

Accurate diagnosis of mosaicism in amniotic fluid cell cultures represents a major problem. If insufficient cells are analysed, true fetal mosaicism may go undetected. False-positive diagnosis is also possible since a second cell line may arise in vitro and not reflect the true fetal genetic constitution. These difficulties apply to both flask and in situ culture techniques, to varying degrees. The relative accuracy of flask versus in situ culture techniques in excluding mosaicism was determined by statistical analysis of experimental data from ten pairs of mixed male-female amniotic fluid specimens. The data support the idea that the majority of in situ colonies are independent of one another. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) analysis of a single metaphase from a number of different colonies enhances the confidence for excluding mosaicism; (2) analysis of more than one cell per colony offers little advantage; (3) exclusion of a given level of mosaicism requires analysis of fewer metaphases using the in situ method; (4) the confidence for excluding mosaicism is high with both in situ and flask techniques, using the provided guidelines; and (5) it is shown that the two-stage approach used by many laboratories is currently the most efficient way to exclude mosaicism.     

The Importance of Natural Processes in Understanding Ecosystem Change: A Case Study of Limed Lakes

In order to determine what effects human activities have on natural processes, it is important to thoroughly understand those processes. Unfortunately, we know little about what natural processes are operating, and even less about how they have functioned historically. This paper discusses the importance of natural processes in affecting surface water acidification and the necessity for developing quantitative estimates of natural, as well as anthropogenic, contributions to the acidification of surface waters. A review of the literature and the analysis of chemistry data from six limed lakes in New York and Massachusetts have identified a number of possible processes that may play important roles in acidifying surface waters. At present, these processes are poorly understood and require further research. Once we have such knowledge, we will be able to clearly see the effects of human activities on natural processes and modify those activities in ways that will mitigate negative impact in a predictable manner.     

Recovering CO2 From Large− and Medium-Size Stationary Combustors

This paper summarizes the results of research conducted at Ar-gonne National Laboratory (ANL) to develop and design a novel method for the recovery of CO₂ from flue gases. The basic process concept Involves the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel using a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide (or CO₂ and H₂0) rather than air as the oxidant, which results In a product stream that contains primarily CO₂ and H₂O. This stream Is then dried and conditioned to meet the specifications of the end user, A slip stream of CO₂ (or CO₂, and H₂0) is used as a diluent in the combustion chamberto maintain a flame temperature equivalent to the temperature that would otherwise be obtained using air as an oxidant. The cost-effectiveness of the process in recovering C0₂ is dependent on the scale of the operation, the type of fuel used, the cost of oxygen, and the cost of capital. The sensitivity of the cost of the recovered C0₂ to these variables Is discussed, and a model for estimating the cost of CO₂ recovered using the ANL process Is presented.     

Controlled Exposures of Volunteers to Respirable Carbon and Sulf uric Acid Aerosols

Respirable carbon or fly ash particles are suspected to increase the respiratory toxicity of coexisting acidic air pollutants, by concentrating acid on their surfaces and so delivering it efficiently to the lower respiratory tract. To investigate this issue, we exposed 15 healthy and 15 asthmatic volunteers in a controlled- environment chamber (21°C, 50 percent relative humidity) to four test atmospheres: (i) clean air; (ii) 0.5-μm H2SO4 aerosol at =100 μg/m³, generated from water solution; (iii) 0,5-μm carbon aerosol at =250 μg/m³, generated from highly pure carbon black with specific surface area comparable to ambient pollution particles; and (iv) carbon as in (iii) plus =100 μg/m³ of ultrafine H2SO4 aerosol generated from fuming sulfuric acid. Electron microscopy showed that nearly all acid in (iv) became attached to carbon particle surfaces, and that most particles remained in the sub-μm size range. Exposures were performed double-blind, 1 week apart. They lasted 1 hr each, with alternate 10-min periods of heavy exercise (ventilation =50 L/min) and rest. Subjects gargled citrus juice before exposure to suppress airway ammonia. Lung function and symptoms were measured pre-exposure, after initial exercise, and at endexposure. Bronchial reactivity to methacholine was measured after exposure. Statistical analyses tested for effects of H₂SO₄ or carbon, separate or interactive, on health measures. Group data showed no more than small equivocal effects of any exposure on any health measure. One individual's responses were consistent with a clinically significant excess airway constriction from H₂SO₄ plus carbon, and 2-3 others showed slight excess responses to the combined pollutants, but all these observations might have reflected chance variations. We conclude that coexisting carbon aerosol did not increase respiratory irritancy of H₂SO₄, in most healthy and asthmatic subjects exposed for 1 hr under simulated "worst-case" ambient conditions.     

Pilot-Scale Demonstration of an Innovative Treatment for Vapor Emissions

ABSTRACT

Researchers from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory recently conducted a pilot-scale study at McClellan Air Force Base (AFB) in Sacramento, CA. The objective of the test was to determine the effectiveness of an ambient-temperature, solar-powered photocatalytic oxidation treatment unit for destroying emissions of chlorinated organic compounds from an air stripper. This paper reports test results and discusses applications and limitations of the technology.

A 10-standard-cubic-foot-per-minute (SCFM) (28.3 L/min) slip stream of air from an air stripper at Operative Unit 29-31 at McClellan AFB was passed through a reactor that contained a lightweight, perforated, inert support coated with photoactive titanium dioxide. The reactor faced south and was tilted at a 45° angle from vertical so that the light-activated catalyst received most of the available sunlight. An online portable gas chro-matograph with two identical columns simultaneously analyzed the volatile organic compounds contained in the reactor inlet and outlet air streams. Summa canister grab samples of the inlet and outlet were also collected and sent to a certified laboratory for U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency Method TO-14 analysis and verification of our field analyses. Three weeks of testing demonstrated that the treatment system's destruction and removal efficiencies (DREs) are greater than 95% at 10 SCFM with UV intensities at or greater than 1.5 milliwatts/square centimeter (mW/cm²). DREs greater than 95% at 20 SCFM were obtained under conditions where UV irradiation measured at or greater than 2 mW/cm². In Sacramento, this provided 6 hours of operation per clear or nearly clear day in April. A solar tracking system could extend operating time. The air stream also contained trace amounts of benzene. We observed no loss of system performance during testing.     

Some Recent Experience with Fabric Filters for Paniculate Collection

EPA's “Third Symposium on Fabric Filters for Particle Collection,” held in Tucson December 5 and 6, 1977, emphasized the results obtained from both laboratory and field experience. Data from selected new and/or continuing research programs as well as from new pilot and field applications are reviewed.     

A Movable Laboratory for Controlled Clinical Studies of Air Pollution Exposure

The cause of the Yokkaichi asthma episode (1960-1969) has been analyzed. It Is concluded that the respiratory diseases were due not to sulfur dioxide but to concentrated sulfuric acid mists emitted from stacks of calciners of a titanium oxide manufacturing plant located windward of the residential area.     

Epa Looks At “Fugitive Emissions”

The various aspects of two similar but indeed different air pollution problems are discussed. Both fugitive emissions (industrial) and fugitive dust emissions represent problems affecting attainment of national standards. Both are difficult to quantify so as to determine the relative magnitude of the problem. Both have been generally overlooked in the past in relation to developing an effective and widespread air pollution control program. Both problems will generally require the use of non-conventional air pollution control measures. Both are also becoming the subject of more intensive investigation as more knowledge is being gathered to implicate such emissions as significant air pollution problems.