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91.
Emma Algotsson 《Local Environment》2006,11(1):79-93
While the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) introduced a new and progressive outlook on conservation, the South African government has failed to produce a comprehensive legal body of legislation to give effect to its varied obligations. Inconsistency and incompleteness of regulations governing wildlife conservation in conjunction with the failure to implement objectives to conserve wildlife through restricted exploitation with the political, social and economic motives of community conservation must be seen as major contributions to failed conservation goals. This paper analyses post-apartheid conservation laws and policies and argues that current plans for people-centred approaches to natural resource management programmes have been unsuccessful in operationalizing policy goals of biodiversity conservation and sustainable development into transparent plans for implementation. In fact, legal instruments and implementation plans seem to focus on the benefit-sharing components of community participation and therefore fail to address important issues of resource exploitation. It is suggested that where communities are expected to take part in the management of wildlife resources, the responsibility for sustainable wildlife management must be linked to the benefit-sharing instruments of the programmes. However, these would not deal with 'outsiders' like poachers and poaching driven by commercial interests. The paper proposes a model that allows communities to take control over wildlife resources. 相似文献
92.
Paul Dorfman Clare Beattie Frank Burnet David Gibbs James Longhurst Emma Weitkamp Nurul Leksmono 《Local Environment》2006,11(4):399-419
There exists a clear imperative across the EU and within the UK towards the enhanced integration of community knowledge in environmental and health decision-making processes. The underlying social force that underpins this dynamic is the drive for a more accountable, transparent and publicly acceptable decision-making arena. However, relatively little research has been undertaken on the evaluation of local air quality management consultation in particular. In this context, the paper presents an evaluation of evidence resulting from questionnaire survey and case study research undertaken in the first round of the statutory process of local air quality management (LAQM), in which local authorities are required to consult on their air quality findings and intentions. We suggest that local authority perceptions of the relative abilities of differing stakeholders' grasp of air quality science, the process that translates that science into policy, and the institutional and organizational status of stakeholders (i.e. whether they are statutory or non-statutory stakeholders) may tend to transitively determine the choice of consultation methods used, the communication strategies chosen and the relative integration of stakeholder feedback into the LAQM decision-making process. In order to interrogate this potentially problematic chain of risk communication events, a preliminary conceptual model has been developed to enable the interrogation of the pathways through, and the obstacles to, the translation of air quality knowledge. The task is to unveil the sequential chains of association that comprise the LAQM risk communication process. 相似文献
93.
94.
Household evacuation characteristics in American Samoa during the 2009 Samoa Islands tsunami 下载免费PDF全文
Tsunamis represent significant threats to human life and development in coastal communities. This quantitative study examines the influence of household characteristics on evacuation actions taken by 211 respondents in American Samoa who were at their homes during the 29 September 2009 Mw 8.1 Samoa Islands earthquake and tsunami disaster. Multiple logistic regression analysis of survey data was used to examine the association between evacuation and various household factors. Findings show that increases in distance to shoreline were associated with a slightly decreased likelihood of evacuation, whereas households reporting higher income had an increased probability of evacuation. The response in American Samoa was an effective one, with only 34 fatalities in a tsunami that reached shore in as little as 15 minutes. Consequently, future research should implement more qualitative study designs to identify event and cultural specific determinants of household evacuation behaviour to local tsunamis. 相似文献
95.
96.
To determine whether solicitation by blue-footed booby chicks accurately encodes their need for food, we independently manipulated
the body condition and recent food ingestion of singleton chicks and recorded three measures of begging. Variations in the
three measures of begging covaried only partially, but in general, chicks begged more intensely when they were in poor body
condition and also when suffering recent food deprivation. Effects of body condition and recent food deprivation on begging
were broadly additive, although deprived chicks in poor condition failed to beg more intensely than those in good condition.
Protracted short-term deprivation may create such a high level of need that the body condition component of need becomes temporarily
unimportant. Parents more frequently fed chicks that begged more intensely, chicks in poor condition, and chicks suffering
food deprivation. Deprived chicks in poor condition received more food than deprived chicks in normal condition even though
they did not beg more intensely, possibly because parents responded not only to current begging but also to begging earlier
in the day, or to other cues to body condition. These results support the hypothesis that begging of boobies represents honest
signaling of need. 相似文献
97.
Analysis of 4-nonylphenols, phthalates, and polychlorinated biphenyls in soils and biosolids 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
When sewage sludge is added to agricultural land, organic chemicals contaminants are also added. The fate of these chemicals, particularly those shown to have oestrogenic potential, has received much research and regulatory interest in recent years. A method was developed for the analysis of 4-nonylphenols, phthalates, and PCB congeners in soils, mesophilic anaerobially digested dewatered (MADD) sewage sludge, and MADD sludge-amended soil. After Soxhlet-extraction, the 4-nonylphenols and phthalates were separated from the PCBs on an isolute cyanopropyl SPE cartridge and analysed by GC-MS directly. The PCBs were acid treated on a Bakerbond PCB-A cartridge, then passed through a gel filtration column of Biobeads SX-3 resin, before GC-MS analysis. The method was successfully validated and then used for routine analysis, where average recoveries of the surrogate standards were 83+/-17% (4-n-heptylphenol), 96+/-11% (dimethyl-tere-phthalate), 101+/-12% (dibenzyl-phthalate), and 79+/-13% (PCBs 6, 54, 104, 155, and 198). 相似文献
98.
Mass mortality of echinoids is well documented, and has potentially profound effects on benthic communities. However, no study to date has quantitatively investigated how regular, predictable events such as winter storms might lead to large mortality events in pivotal echinoid species. Hydrodynamic disturbances can be major drivers of crucial biological processes in benthic communities. For echinoid populations in particular, wave action in shallow waters generated by high winds (winter storms) can cause displacement, damage and even death to individuals. However, evidence for displacement-mediated mortality is scant in the literature, in part because it is so difficult to demonstrate in exposed environments where echinoids are frequently found. In this study, we examined mortality in a sheltered subtidal population of the European purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus over a 3-year period, and examined the role that dislodgement by wave action or predation might play in these mortality patterns. Because our study population has been in decline for the past three decades, we considered it important to evaluate its current status in addition to assessing the contribution that adult mortality makes to that decline. We sampled twice per month, using the density of freshly dead echinoid material to assess the extent of adult mortality. The Irish Meteorological Service provided our estimates of wind speed data. We compared historical and recent data on P. lividus size frequency data to investigate change the population structure (Poor recruitment would be caused by failure to spawn over a prolonged period). Our data suggest ongoing declines in this population, and support the theory that the decline of the P. lividus population of Lough Hyne is a result of persistent recruitment failure linked to repeated cool maximum sea surface temperatures. Although we found peaks of P. lividus mortality were coincident with spikes in wind speed, mortality was low, and seems unlikely to have contributed significantly to the dramatic decline in P. lividus in the past three decades.Communicated by J.P. Thorpe, Port Erin 相似文献
99.
Huiping Huang Emma Sawade David Cook Christopher W.K. Chow Mary Drikas Bo Jin 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2016,28(6):235-243
This study examined the associations between dissolved organic matter(DOM) characteristics and potential nitrification occurrence in the presence of chloramine along a drinking water distribution system. High-performance size exclusion chromatography(HPSEC) coupled with a multiple wavelength detector(200–280 nm) was employed to characterise DOM by molecular weight distribution, bacterial activity was analysed using flow cytometry, and a package of simple analytical tools, such as dissolved organic carbon, absorbance at 254 nm, nitrate,nitrite, ammonia and total disinfectant residual were also applied and their applicability to indicate water quality changes in distribution systems were also evaluated. Results showed that multi-wavelength HPSEC analysis was useful to provide information about DOM character while changes in molecule weight profiles at wavelengths less than 230 nm were also able to be related to other water quality parameters. Correct selection of the UV wavelengths can be an important factor for providing appropriate indicators associated with different DOM compositions. DOM molecular weight in the range of 0.2–0.5 k Da measured at210 nm correlated positively with oxidised nitrogen concentration(r = 0.99), and the concentrations of active bacterial cells in the distribution system(r = 0.85). Our study also showed that the changes of DOM character and bacterial cells were significant in those sampling points that had decreases in total disinfectant residual. HPSEC-UV measured at210 nm and flow cytometry can detect the changes of low molecular weight of DOM and bacterial levels, respectively, when nitrification occurred within the chloraminated distribution system. 相似文献
100.
Ian Shaw Emma Burke Frans Suharyanto Geertruida Sihombing 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2000,7(2):75-77
Milk from Indonesian women (n = 4) was analysed for p,p’-DDT and the fungicide, hexachlorobenzene (HCB). p,p’-DDT was found in all of the samples and at levels that are amongst the highest reported anywhere in the world in 3 of the samples. HCB was found in all 4 samples, 1 sample had an exceptionally high level. The high residue of HCB suggested exposure by eating dressed grain, major environmental contamination or direct exposure when handling the fungicide. These are the first data on pesticide residues in milk from Indonesian women which demonstrate general exposure to p,p’-DDT and HCB. 相似文献