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71.
72.
Vegetation that develops spontaneously on metal-contaminated soils presents an opportunity to evaluate both metal bioavailability and the risks posed to biota. The behavior of Cd and Zn in the species of a spontaneously developed woodland, colonizing a canal embankment, has been investigated. Nitric-acid-extractable metal concentrations in the sediment-derived substrate ranged between 5.0 to 376 mg kg(-1)dry wt. Cd and 83.0 to 784 mg kg(-1)dry wt. Zn. The woodland is dominated by Willow (Salix) species. Salix caprea selectively accumulated Cd in all stem tissues, in contrast to S. viminalis, which regulated tissue Cd content. Both species showed an effective regulation of tissue Zn. Cadmium uptake by S. caprea was correlated with differences in soil pH, while Zn uptake was not. There was no relationship between tissue metal concentrations and soil metal nitric acid-extractable concentrations. Other aspects of ecosystem function appeared unaffected by the elevated Cd flux in S. caprea; leaf litter organisms present represented all major groups and there was no accumulation of organic matter. The woodland represents a potentially sustainable option for remediating a low value site with difficult access that does not involve removal of the contaminated material to a landfill or making a permanent inert cover. 相似文献
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74.
The suggestion that utility is logically necessary for behavioural adjustments to be made in response to changes in intrinsic risk is fundamental to risk homeostasis theory (RHT). However, the methodology used to investigate RHT — analysis of road traffic accidents — is ill-suited to the investigation of this assertion. The role of utility and intrinsic risk as possible determinants of behavioural compensation were therefore examined experimentally across 14 specific behaviours using the Aston Driving Simulator. RHT predicts that these two factors act in a multiplicative way to form a statistical interaction. It also predicts that the behavioural pathways through which the effect manifests itself should be reconcilable with the concept of utility. Both predictions received little support in this experiment, suggesting that utility and intrinsic risk operate as independent factors: both factors produced significant main effects across a number of behaviours. This finding, if it can be generalised, implies that, contrary to mathematically-based models of danger compensation and the traditional model of risk homeostasis, utility is not logically necessary for behavioural compensation in response to a change in intrinsic risk. 相似文献
75.
Methods for determination of minimum pool levels in reservoirs that consider sport fishery values are being sought by managers.
We developed a technique for assessing the effects of incremental changes in minimum pool levels on potential salmonid abundance
in small (<100 surface hectares at full pool) reservoirs in Wyoming managed for irrigation and municipal water supplies. The
method has two components. One component is used to determine the minimum pool level needed to eliminate the risk of overwinter
loss of salmonids due to low dissolved oxygen concentrations. The other component predicts the potential biomass of salmonids
in reservoirs as a function of water depth and total dissolved solids concentration of the reservoir water. Application of
the method is demonstrated for two reservoirs in Wyoming.
The unit is jointly supported by the University of Wyoming, the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, and the US Fish and Wildlife
Service. 相似文献
76.
Ahumada I Escudero P Carrasco MA Castillo G Ascar L Fuentes E 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2004,6(4):327-334
In Chile, the increasing number of plants for the treatment of wastewater has brought about an increase in the generation of sludge. One way of sludge disposal is its application on land; this, however involves some problems, some of them being heavy metal accumulation and the increase in organic matter and other components from sewage sludge which may change the distribution and mobility of heavy metals. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of sewage sludge application on the distribution of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb in agricultural soils in Chile. Three different soils, two Mollisols and one Alfisol, were sampled from an agricultural area in Central Chile. The soils were treated with sewage sludge at the rates of 0 and 30 ton ha(-1), and were incubated at 25 degrees C for 45 days. Before and after incubation, the soils were sequentially extracted to obtain labile (exchangeable and sodium acetate-soluble), potentially labile (soluble in moderately reducing conditions, K4P2O7-soluble and soluble in reducing conditions) and inert (soluble in strong acid oxidizing conditions) fractions. A two-level factored design was used to assess the effect of sludge application rate, incubation time and their interaction on the mobility of the elements under study. Among the metals determined in the sludge, zinc has the highest concentration. However, with the exception of Ni, the total content of metals was lower than the recommended limit values in sewage sludge as stated by Chilean regulations. Although 23% of zinc in sludge was in more mobile forms, the residual fraction of all metals was the predominant form in soils and sludge. The content of zinc only was significantly increased in two of the soils by sewage sludge application. On the other hand, with the exception of copper, the metals were redistributed in the first four fractions of amended soils. The effect of sludge application rate, incubation time and their interaction depended on the metal or soil type. In most cases an increase in more mobile forms of metals in soils was observed as the final effect. 相似文献
77.
A cognitive‐affective stress propensity model was examined using field study data. Structural equation models analyses tested hypothesized and alternate models to determine their goodness‐of‐fit with the data. The results supported a direct relationship between stress propensity and strain, and an indirect, mediated relationship between stress propensity and strain through a subjective stress construct. In addition, stress propensity was found to moderate the relationships of experienced negative affect with somatic and with psychological strain, and with one of three measures of subjective stress. Implications of the results for research and practice are discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
78.
Priscila de Morais Lima Paula Loureiro Paulo 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2018,20(3):1583-1593
Although there has been a worldwide growing concern regarding solid-waste management, the rural area has been left behind on this matter. It is common knowledge that the lack of waste management is very detrimental to the environment and impact seriously the public health. Therefore, the aim of this work is to contribute to the decision-making process regarding waste management in the rural area by proposing a new methodology using the combination of risk analysis and complementary sustainability criteria. The proposed methodology was demonstrated through a case study in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. A field survey was performed to define the current scenarios and three new scenarios were proposed. The risk analysis showed that the major risk to which residents are vulnerable to is the appearance of vectors that can cause various types of diseases. Besides that, only 30% of rural Quilombola communities of Mato Grosso do Sul have waste collection and the predominant scenario is the burning of dry waste and use of organic waste for animal feeding. Using the complementary relevant criteria, the most suitable scenario do the studied communities would be the combination of household composting and source separation of dry waste. The proposed methodology can be easily applied to other rural regions seeking for sustainable waste management systems. 相似文献
79.
Agricultural landscapes of the southern Brazilian Amazon are the result of 80 years of governmental policies to install a powerful agricultural sector. Yet, this rapid expansion raised important environmental considerations especially with regard to deforestation. The agricultural frontier is thus now facing a huge challenge: to combine socioeconomic development with environmental conservation in the context of frontier expansion. Based on a conceptual model of the agricultural frontier, we review historical changes in environmental and development policies in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso and emphasize their ambivalent trend to both encourage and control the progress of the frontier. We then extend this model with an integration stage where environmental governance and economic development evolve from competing to complementary concepts. At this stage, the efforts to slow down deforestation are accompanied with programs to promote new agricultural practices and support industrialization. Finally, we put into perspective this recent evolution with regard to the underlying reasons for changing the agricultural model, thus considering the agricultural frontier to be at a tipping point where first positive results need to be confirmed in spite of an unstable economic and political situation. 相似文献
80.
Marcelo Benetti Correa da Silva Daniel Tregnago Pagnussat Gabriel Sperandio Milan Suélen Bebber Mariana Rezzadori Rauber Ana Paula Graciola 《环境质量管理》2017,27(2):63-70
The intent of this research is to investigate how the customers of a technological control laboratory for civil construction materials perceived the quality of the services delivered by the lab, specifically in regard to the service of concrete compression testing. The popular SERVQUAL scale, a multidimensional instrument used to capture customer expectations and perceptions, was used as a model for the application of a survey. Exploratory factor analyses were employed to evaluate customers’ perceptions and experiences of service quality in regard to the dimensions and accompanying attributes of the SERVQUAL scale. Twenty attributes, which were grouped within five dimensions (Reliability, Assurance, Tangibles, Responsiveness, and Empathy), were identified, explaining 80.417% of the variance between customer expectations and perceptions and characterizing these dimensions on a modified SERVQUAL scale. Analysis of the results allowed us to identify discrepancies in perceived service quality compared with customers’ expectations. Most of the identified gaps between expectations and perceptions resulted in negative values. 相似文献