Assessment of the Effectiveness of Environmental Dredging in South Lake,China

Environmental dredging is a primary remedial option for removal of the contaminated material from aquatic environment. Of primary concern in environmental dredging is the effectiveness of the intended sediment removal. A 5-year field monitoring study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the environmental dredging in South Lake, China. The concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphors, and heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Hg, and As) before and after dredging in sediment were determined and compared. Multiple ecological risk indices were employed to assess the contamination of heavy metals before and after dredging. Our results showed that the total phosphorus levels reduced 42% after dredging. Similar changes for Hg, Zn, As Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, and Ni were observed, with reduction percentages of 97.0, 93.1, 82.6, 63.9, 52.7, 50.1, 32.0, and 23.6, respectively, and the quality of sediment improved based on the criterion of Sediment Quality Guidelines by USEPA and contamination degree values (C_d) decreased significantly (paired t-test, p < 0.05). Unexpectedly, the TN increased 49% after dredging compared to before dredging. Findings from the study demonstrated that the environmental dredging was an effective mechanism for removal of total phosphorus and heavy metals from South Lake. Nevertheless, the dredging was ineffective to remove total nitrogen from sediment. We conclude that the reason for the observed increase in TN after dredging was likely ammonia release from the sediment impairing the dredging effectiveness.     

电场作用对不同藻菌体系处理猪场废水的强化机制研究

为解决猪场废水高色、高浊、高盐的水质特征对藻菌微生物体系处理效果的限制作用,采用电场处理与多种不同微藻/细菌(活性污泥)微生物体系处理相结合,考察了电场对微生物处理猪场废水的效果和生长状况的影响和作用机制.同时,通过对比微藻、微藻-活性污泥、活性污泥3种微生物体系对经电场处理养猪沼液中污染物去除效果及微生物生长情况,考察了电场处理对微生物处理效果的影响和作用.结果表明：电场对养猪沼液色度和浊度均有较好的去除效果,去除率分别为90.43%、99.69%;电场处理后的沼液再进行微生物处理可取得更优的处理效果,微生物对总氮和总磷的去除率最高分别为70.65%、67.30%.此外,微藻-活性污泥共生体系在污染物去除效果和生长状况方面均优于单一微生物体系.微藻-活性污泥体系最终叶绿素a含量为接种时的7.65倍,活性污泥生物量为接种时的1.51倍,远高于单一微生物体系.说明电场处理与微藻-活性污泥生物处理相结合,可以有效提高污染物去除效果,同时获得更多有价的生物质资源,实现更为可观的经济价值,具有广阔的应用潜力和发展前景.     

碳中和时代下我国能量自给型污水处理厂发展方向及工程实践

基于碳中和背景及污水处理可持续、低碳运行理念,分析了我国污水处理厂不同水质、工艺类型、规模等条件下的能源消耗及能源回收特点,提出了以“碳改向技术+低耗高效复合脱氮技术+污泥厌氧共消化技术+污水热能回收技术+节能降耗技术”的污水处理新模式是实现我国能源自给型污水处理厂的关键,并提出我国污水处理厂实现碳中和应分为“完全能源自给”及“能源供应工厂”两个目标.此外,对基于此背景下建设的北京某再生水厂的理论能源自给情况进行了分析,结果表明,通过节能降耗、引入外源有机物、污水源热泵回收等措施,北京某再生水厂能源自给率由12.2%分别提高至17.1%、21.6%、84.7%.     

碱/抗坏血酸活化分子氧氧化水中As（III）

研究了碱/抗坏血酸（H₂A）活化分子氧体系（碱/H₂A体系）氧化水中三价砷（As（III））的过程与机理.考察了pH、H₂A浓度、As（III）初始浓度、水中常见阴离子（Cl^-、NO₃^-、HCO₃^-）和有机质富里酸对As（III）氧化效率的影响,通过自由基抑制实验及电子自旋共振（ESR）鉴定了体系中的活性氧物质（ROS）,并采用液相色谱-质谱分析技术鉴定了H₂A的降解产物.结果表明,在pH=9~12范围内,pH值越高,As（III）氧化速率越快;pH=10条件下,随着H₂A浓度从0.05 mmol·L^-1增加到1 mmol·L^-1,反应1 h后,As（III）氧化率从24%增加至92%.机理研究结果表明,H₂O₂是碱/H₂A活化分子氧体系中氧化As（III）的主要ROS,它主要来自碱性条件下H₂A与分子氧的单电子或双电子反应,同时,体系中H₂A也发生了氧化性降解.碱/H₂A体系可用于含砷废水的预处理,并与离子交换吸附方法联合,实现高效除砷.     

不同含固率下零价铁提升厨余垃圾高温厌氧消化产沼体系运行稳定性研究

相比中温（35 ℃）厌氧消化,高温（55 ℃）厌氧消化中微生物代谢活性强,处理效率高,且无害化水平高,适合厨余垃圾的资源化处理及 利用.但由于厨余垃圾易降解,有机质含量高,水解速率快,极易在厌氧消化前期出现酸积累现象,这种现象在高温厌氧消化中更为显著,从而严重制约着高温厌氧消化的应用.本研究探究了零价铁（ZVI）对高温厌氧消化过程酸化现象的消除和控制,并对投加ZVI后不同含固率下 厌氧反应器严重酸化现象缓和效果进行评价.结果表明,高温条件下含固率为4%、6%的反应器在ZVI的促进作用下很快恢复产沼,甲烷产率相较低负荷反应器分别提高了52.05%、10.51%.含固率为8%的投加ZVI反应器在经历一个月的延滞期后也消除了“过酸化”,甲烷含量稳定在60%以上, 甲烷产率达到270.40 mL·g^-1.以加ZVI反应器沼液作为接种物的H-ICS反应器能够降低氢分压,但未能消除“过酸化”.含固率为10%的反应器在反应结束后仍处于酸化状态.高通量测序结果表明,所有外加ZVI的反应器中嗜氢产甲烷菌是绝对的优势菌.在恢复产沼的H-ZVI反应器以细菌Defluviitoga产生的乙酸盐、CO₂、H₂和丁酸转化来的乙酸为底物,嗜氢产甲烷菌Methanothermobacter作为唯一优势产甲烷古菌,与互营乙酸氧化菌Syntrophaceticus相互作用,实现互营乙酸氧化产甲烷（SAO-HM）途径,恢复产甲烷代谢.     

CTS@Fe3O4-COOH对低pH值Chlorella vulgaris采收性能及机理

采用共沉淀法制备得到磁性材料壳聚糖@柠檬酸改性Fe₃O₄(CTS@Fe₃O₄-COOH),通过单因素与正交试验考察了不同条件下其对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的采收效率.结合XRD、FT-IR和VSM等材料的结构性质表征、表面Zeta电位及Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek(DLVO)理论分析,探讨CTS@Fe₃O₄-COOH对小球藻的絮凝采收机理.结果表明,CTS@Fe₃O₄-COOH对小球藻具有高效采收效率,与未改性相比采收效率提高约30%.单因素试验表明材料投加量与pH值对小球藻采收效率的影响较大;正交试验表明当CTS@Fe₃O₄-COOH投加量为4.5g/L时,在pH 4的条件下,经500r/min快搅3min后再70r/min慢搅5min,对小球藻的采收效率高达98.35%.DLVO等理论分析表明,CTS@Fe₃O₄-COOH对小球藻的采收机理为电荷中和、静电修补、吸附架桥与整体絮凝联合作用.本文结果为CTS@Fe₃O₄-COOH采收固定烟气能源微藻的实际应用提供数据支持.     

基于RuO2-IrO2/Ti和Fe0电极的电氧化-电絮凝处理含Tl废水

基于RuO₂-IrO₂/Ti形稳电极和Fe⁰牺牲电极实现电氧化-电絮凝(EO-EC)一体化处理含Tl (I)废水,并与单一的电絮凝(EC)进行比较,探讨了EO-EC处理含Tl废水的机理.结果表明,相较于单一EC,EO-EC (1:1)组合技术适应于宽pH (4-10)以及电流密度范围(5-20mA/cm²)下含Tl废水高效处理,且不易发生钝化;活性氯以及氧化还原电位在Tl (I)间接氧化Tl (III)过程中扮演重要角色,沉淀分析表明生成的Tl (OH)_3(s)与絮体Fe (OH)_3(am)共沉淀,纤铁矿位点可吸附残留Tl (I).EO-EC一体化技术可满足实际含Tl废水达标处理(<2µg/L)且具有经济可行性.     

基于InVEST-PLUS模型的碳储量空间关联性及预测——以广东省为例

构建土地利用碳储量数据库,基于InVEST模型Carbon模块,得到广东省1990~2020年碳储量时空分布情况.用Moran’s I指数和Getis-Ord Gi^*分析格网尺度下碳储量时空分布特征,用Anselin Local Moran’s I得到LISA集聚图.然后运用PLUS模型和14个土地利用驱动因子预测2050年土地利用及其碳储量分布.结果表明,土地利用变化直接影响区域碳储量高低,林地、草地等具有生态服务功能地类碳密度最高,分别是188.44,329.34Mg/hm².碳储量空间格局整体呈现出中部低、北部高、东西中等的特点.碳储量空间分布特征与土地利用特征一致,碳储量显著高值集聚区域分布在建设用地少、生态用地多且连片的粤北地区,显著低值区域分布在国土开发强度和生态用地破碎化程度高的珠三角地带.在自然发展情景下,到2050年广东省土地利用碳储量将减少4327.21万Mg,随着国土空间进一步开发,环珠江口沿岸城市碳储量持续下降.增加植被生态系统碳储量,是实现碳中和的重要手段之一.要继续维持粤北山区生态保护屏障的重要地位,减缓珠三角城市土地开发强度,提高建设用地集约节约能力,形成平衡协调的土地利用和碳储量格局.     

Dosing low-level ferrous iron in coagulation enhances the removal of micropollutants, chlorite and chlorate during advanced water treatment

Drinking water utilities are interested in upgrading their treatment facilities to enhance micropollutant removal and byproduct control. Pre-oxidation by chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) followed by coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is one of the promising solutions. However, the chlorite (ClO₂^–) formed from the ClO₂ pre-oxidation stage cannot be removed by the conventional coagulation process using aluminum sulfate. ClO₂^– negatively affects the post-UV/chlorine process due to its strong radical scavenging effect, and it also enhances the formation of chlorate (ClO₃^–). In this study, dosing micromolar-level ferrous iron (Fe(II)) into aluminum-based coagulants was proposed to eliminate the ClO₂^– generated from ClO₂ pre-oxidation and benefit the post-UV/chlorine process in radical production and ClO₃^– reduction. Results showed that the addition of 52.1-µmol/L FeSO₄ effectively eliminated the ClO₂^– generated from the pre-oxidation using 1.0 mg/L (14.8 µmol/L) of ClO₂. Reduction of ClO₂^– increased the degradation rate constant of a model micropollutant (carbamazepine) by 55.0% in the post-UV/chlorine process. The enhanced degradation was verified to be attributed to the increased steady-state concentrations of HO^· and ClO^· by Fe(II) addition. Moreover, Fe(II) addition also decreased the ClO₃^– formation by 53.8% in the UV/chlorine process and its impact on the formation of chloro-organic byproducts was rather minor. The findings demonstrated a promising strategy to improve the drinking water quality and safety by adding low-level Fe(II) in coagulation in an advanced drinking water treatment train.     

Cultivar-dependent rhizobacteria community and cadmium accumulation in rice: Effects on cadmium availability in soils and iron-plaque formation

The association between the rhizospheric microbial community and Cd accumulation in rice is poorly understood. A field trial was conducted to investigate the different rhizobacterial communities of two rice cultivars with high Cd accumulation (HA) and low Cd accumulation (LA) at four growth stages. Results showed that the Cd content in the roots of the HA cultivar was 1.23 - 27.53 higher than that of the LA cultivar (0.08 - 10.5 µg/plant) at four stages. The LA cultivar had a significantly lower Cd availability in rhizosphere and a higher quantity of iron plaque (IP) on the root surface than the HA cultivar at four stages. This resulted in the reduction of Cd concentration in IPs and Cd translocation from IP-to-root. Microbial analysis indicated that the LA cultivar formed a distinct rhizobacterial community from the HA cultivar and had less α-diversity. The rhizosphere of the LA cultivar was enriched in specific bacterial taxa (e.g., Massilia and Bacillus) involved in Cd immobilization by phosphate precipitation and IP formation by iron oxidization. However, the rhizosphere in the HA cultivar assembled abundant sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (e.g., Sulfuricurvum) and iron reduction bacteria (Geobacter). They promoted Cd mobilization and reduced IP formation via the metal redox process. This study reveals a potential approach in which specific rhizobacteria decrease or increase Cd accumulation in rice on contaminated soil and provides a new perspective for secure rice production.