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591.
An T Zhang D Li G Mai B Fu J 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(12):3529-3535
Gas samples and total suspended particle during work and off work time were investigated on-site and off-site electronic waste dismantling workshop (I- and O-EWDW), then compared with plastic recycling workshop (PRW) and waste incineration plant (WIP). TSP concentrations and total PBDE were 0.36-2.21 mg/m3 and 27-2975 ng/m3 at different workshops, respectively. BDE-47, -99, and -209 were major ∑PBDE congeners at I-EWDW and WIP, while BDE-209 was only dominant congener in PRW and control sites during work time and all sites during off work time. The gas-particle partitioning result was well correlated with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure for all samples, except for WIP and I-EDWD, at park during work time, and residential area during off work time. The predicted urban curve fitted well with measured φ values at O-DEWD during work time, whereas it was slightly overestimated or underestimated for others. Exposure assessment revealed the highest exposure site was I-EDWD. 相似文献
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One major challenge faced by Beijing is dealing with the enormous amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated, which contains a high percentage of food waste. Source separation is considered an effective means of reducing waste and enhancing recycling. However, few studies have focused on quantification of the mechanism of source separation activity. Therefore, this study was conducted to establish a mathematical model of source separation activity (MSSA) that correlates the source separation ratio with the following parameters: separation facilities, awareness, separation transportation, participation atmosphere, environmental profit, sense of honor, and economic profit. The MSSA consisted of two equations, one related to the behavior generation stage and one related to the behavior stability stage. The source separation ratios of the residential community, office building, and primary and middle school were calculated using the MSSA. Data for analysis were obtained from a 1-yr investigation and a questionnaire conducted at 128 MSW clusters around Beijing. The results revealed that office buildings had an initial separation ratio of 80% and a stable separation ratio of 65.86%, whereas residential communities and primary and middle schools did not have a stable separation ratio. The MSSA curve took on two shapes. In addition, internal motivations and the separation transportation ratio were found to be key parameters of the MSSA. This model can be utilized for other cities and countries. 相似文献
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为了研究非稳定状态下生物除磷的特点,采用序批式间歇反应器(SBR),通过不同的进水方式(连续进水和瞬时进水),系统地考察了进水体积、NOX-N、限制曝气等因素对除磷过程的影响。结果表明,在温度为(23±0.5)℃、pH为7.0~8.0时,厌氧搅拌期连续进水的比释磷量(单位质量污泥(以MLSS计)的释磷量(以PO43-P计))比瞬时进水时高出42.11%。在运行条件相似的情况下,厌氧搅拌期的比释磷量与每周期进水体积无关。相对于连续进水,瞬时进水更有助于促进微生物利用有机底物进行自身的生长。限制曝气对连续进水和瞬时进水的释磷过程都存在明显的影响,在DO小于0.1mg/L的情况下,2者的比释磷量相对非限制曝气时分别降低了57.14%和55.56%。在连续进水时,NOX-N的反硝化结束伴随着释磷速率的突然升高。利用贮存作用并不能每次都成功地抑制丝状菌污泥膨胀。 相似文献
598.
Yunhee Kim Joshua S. Fu Terry L. Miller 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(4):523-532
Meteorological variables such as temperature, wind speed, wind directions, and Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) heights have critical implications for air quality simulations. Sensitivity simulations with five different PBL schemes associated with three different Land Surface Models (LSMs) were conducted to examine the impact of meteorological variables on the predicted ozone concentrations using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) version 4.5 with local perspective. Additionally, the nudging analysis for winds was adopted with three different coefficients to improve the wind fields in the complex terrain at 4-km grid resolution. The simulations focus on complex terrain having valley and mountain areas at 4-km grid resolution. The ETA M–Y (Mellor–Yamada) and G–S (Gayno–Seaman) PBL schemes are identified as favorite options and promote O3 formation causing the higher temperature, slower winds, and lower mixing height among sensitivity simulations in the area of study. It is found that PX (Pleim–Xiu) simulation does not always give optimal meteorological model performance. We also note that the PBL scheme plays a more important role in predicting daily maximum 8-h O3 than land surface models. The results of nudging analysis for winds with three different increased coefficients' values (2.5, 4.5, and 6.0 × 10?4 s?1) over seven sensitivity simulations show that the meteorological model performance was enhanced due to improved wind fields, indicating the FDDA nudging analysis can improve model performance considerably at 4-km grid resolution. Specifically, the sensitivity simulations with the coefficient value (6.0 × 10?4) yielded more substantial improvements than with the other values (2.5 and 4.5 × 10?4). Hence, choosing the nudging coefficient of 6.0 × 10?4 s?1 for winds in MM5 may be the best choice to improve wind fields as an input, as well as, better model performance of CMAQ in the complex terrain area. As a result, a finer grid resolution is necessary to evaluate and access of CMAQ results for giving a detailed representation of meteorological and chemical processes in the regulatory modeling. A recommendation of optimal scheme options for simulating meteorological variables in the complex terrain area is made. 相似文献
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研究公众自然灾害知觉中的不安全因素,有助于开展有针对性的减灾宣教活动、构建社会预防文化。通过问卷方式,调查了北京5所高校大学生的自然灾害知觉现状及特征。统计分析显示,大学生自然灾害知觉中存在不安全心理特性,主要表现在:对自身灾害知识和经验存在过高估计的乐观偏差;在灾害预期中表现出悲观的心理噪声效应;面对自然灾害多数出现消极情绪,其应急行为倾向呈负距平状态;防灾减灾过程中对政府行为依赖性、服从性高。在此基础上,提出了通过普及正确防灾知识、完善心理防御机制、强化能动意识等重塑大学生灾害知觉、调适灾害行为的建议。 相似文献
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