对工业含铬废水、铬渣处理的新方法和综合利用的新思路

本文以可靠的数据和化学原理,针对工业铬渣和含铬废水的实际情况提出处理的新方法和新思路,并应用于实践.     

Speciation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil experimentally contaminated with Pb,Cd, Cu and Zn together and effects on soil negative surface charge

Speciation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil subsamples experimentally loaded with Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in orthogonal design was investigated by sequential extraction, and operationally defined as water-soluble and exchangeable(SE), weakly specific adsorbed( WSA),Fe and Mn oxides-bound(OX) and organic-bound( ORG). The results showed that fractions of heavy metals in the soil subsamples depended on their speciation. About 90% of Cd and 75% of Zn existed in soil subsamples in the SE fraction. Lead and Cu existed in soil subsamples as SE, WSA and OX fractions simultaneously, although SE was still the major fraction. Organic-bound heavy metals were not clearly apparent in all the soil subsamples. The concentration of some heavy metal fractions in soil subsamples showed the good correlation with ionic impulsion of soil, especially for the SE fraction. Continuous saturation of soil subsamples with 0.20 mol/L NH4CI, which is the first step for determination of the negative surface charge of soil by the ion retention method, resulted in desorption of certain heavy metals from the soil. It was found that the percentage desorption of heavy metals from soil subsamples depended greatly on pH, the composition and original heavy metal content of the soil subsamples. However, most of the heavy metals in the soil subsamples were still be retained after multiple saturation. Compared with the parent soil, the negative surface charge of soil subsamples loaded with heavy metals did not show difference significantly from that of the parent one by statistical analysis. Heavy metals existed in the soil subsamples mainly as exchangeable and precipitated simultaneously.     

岳麓山空气负离子及空气质量变化研究

采用空气离子测量仪,于2003年10月～2004年9月对岳麓山及其周围地区的空气正、负离子浓度进行了测量,并用相应的方法对其空气质量作了评价.结果表明,岳麓山正、负离子之比的单极系数q值较小,空气离子评价系数CI值均大于0.7,空气质量良好;空气负离子浓度的垂直变化明显,山体中部明显高于山顶和山麓地带,且非核心景区高于核心景区;空气负离子浓度和空气质量1月最低,9月最高,夏、秋两季相当,春季好于冬季;空气负离子浓度的日变化规律(6:00～19:00)为清晨和中午低,上午和傍晚高,一天中存在2个峰值;下雨后空气负离子浓度和空气质量要好于下雨前,两者差异显著.而晴天空气负离子和空气质量要略好于阴天,但两者差别不明显;不同功能区空气负离子浓度和空气质量差异显著,其大小依次为:风景区＞大公园＞小公园＞商业区＞一般交通线＞交通干线＞汽车站.     

高浓度印染污水净化的探索和实践

对小型印染厂间歇式生产排出的高浓度、小水量、成分复杂多变的印染污水,采取三级物化处理工艺,进行了尝试和探索性实践,取得了比较理想的净化效果。为此类污水的处理提供了实用的处理工艺,为小型印染厂的水污染治理达标探索出一条有效的途径。     

Indirect effect of nutrient accumulation intensified toxicity risk of metals in sediments from urban river network

The levels of metals in sediments of urban river ecosystems are crucial for aquatic environmental health and pollution assessment. Yet little is known about the interaction of nutrients with metals for environmental risks under contamination accumulation. Here, we combined hierarchical cluster, correlation, and principal component analysis with structural equation model (SEM) to investigate the pollution level, source, toxicity risk, and interaction associated with metals and nutrients in the sediments of a river network in a city area of East China. The results showed that the pollution associated with metals in sediments was rated as moderate degree of contamination load and medium-high toxicity risk in the middle and downstream of urban rivers based on contamination factor, pollution load index, and environmental toxicity quotient. The concentration of mercury (Hg) and zinc (Zn) showed a significant correlation with toxic risks, which had more contribution to toxicity than other metals in the study area. Organic nitrogen and organic pollution index showed heavily polluted sediments in south of the study area. Though correlation analysis indicated that nutrients and metals had different input zones from anthropogenic sources in the urban river network, SEM suggested that nutrient accumulation indirectly intensified toxicity risk of metals by 13.6% in sediments. Therefore, we suggested the combined consideration of metal toxicity risk with nutrient accumulation, which may provide a comprehensive understanding to identify sediment pollution.

Toxicity rate of metals in sediments from urban river network indirectly intensified by nutrients accumulation

     

An evaluation of the UAM-V predicted concentrations of carbon monoxide and reactive nitrogen compounds over the eastern United States during summer 1995

While there is a clear need to evaluate a photochemical model's ability in predicting not only the concentrations of O3, but also precursors and other trace species, many previous studies have focused only on the assessment of During the 1995 summer season, in addition to the routine monitoring of criteria pollutants, several research-oriented monitoring campaigns were conducted over the eastern United States, providing an extensive database of reactive nitrogen compounds, CO, and speciated hydrocarbon data. In this study, we examine the ability of a photochemical modeling system, RAMS/ UAM-V, to reproduce the measured concentrations of CO, NO2, and NOy over the region during the summer of 1995. The results demonstrate that there is agreement between modeled and measured seasonal average concentrations of NO2, both at the routine and research monitors. The same is true for NOy, but to a lesser degree. However, the model is found to significantly underpredict CO for the routine monitors in comparison to the research monitors.     

Improving urban air quality in China: Beijing case study

China is undergoing rapid urbanization because of unprecedented economic growth. As a result, many cities suffer from air pollution. Two-thirds of China's cities have not attained the ambient air quality standards applicable to urban residential areas (Grade II). Particulate matter (PM), rather than sulfur dioxide (SO2), is the major pollutant reflecting the shift from coal burning to mixed source pollution. In 2002, 63.2 and 22.4% of the monitored cities have PM and SO2 concentrations exceeding the Grade II standard, respectively. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) concentration kept a relatively stable level near the Grade II standard in the last decade and had an increasing potential in recent years because of the rapid motorization. In general, the air pollutants emission did not increase as quickly as the economic growth and energy consumption, and air quality in Chinese cities has improved to some extent. Beijing, a typical representative of rapidly developing cities, is an example to illustrate the possible options for urban air pollution control. Beijing's case provides hope that the challenges associated with improving air quality can be met during a period of explosive development and motorization.     

用于粉煤灰排放的加湿卸灰设备

针对粉煤灰排放产生二次污染问题，经过分析比较，选用了科学的加湿排放工作原理，设计了用于粉煤灰排放的新型灰料加湿卸灰机。     

城市生活污水处理后回用作热电厂循环冷却水的可行性研究

选用适合热电厂特点的水处理剂,利用静态试验,动态模拟试验手段,对城市生活污水回用于热电厂循环冷却水系统中的复配药剂的阻垢缓蚀性能进行了研究.通过试验表明,污水回用是可行的,为城市生活污水回用于热电厂循环冷却水系统工程提供了可靠的参数.     

污泥膨胀形成机理及控制措施研究现状和进展

污泥膨胀现象在全球污水处理厂普遍存在,已成为制约活性污泥工艺发展的重大难题之一.本文总结了丝状细菌研究现状;重点阐述了当前引起污泥膨胀的主要机理;说明了基于这些机理的选择器控制理论;给出了主要的选择器类型.对当前关于污泥膨胀的研究进展和方向,分别从微生物和数学模型2个方面进行了讨论,最后,提出了一系列亟待解决的问题.