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761.
Nutrient-impregnated charcoal: an environmentally friendly
slow-release fertilizer 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20
Modabber Ahmed Khan Ki-Wook Kim Wang Mingzhi Bu-Kug Lim Weon-Hee Lee Jong-Yoon Lee 《The Environmentalist》2008,28(3):231-235
The widespread contamination of surface and ground water quality from the heavy use of fertilizer in modern agriculture is
the current concern. Therefore, this study was carried out to develop a slow-release fertilizer using charcoal. The morphology
of the charcoal impregnated fertilizer was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This study also evaluated the
release patterns of N, P, and K from impregnated charcoal using a simulated soil solution and distilled water as leaching
solutions. The patterns of N, P, and K releases were examined in both static and continuous-flow conditions for 360 h. Releases
of N, P, and K from impregnated charcoal were found to be slow and steady. However, the release trends of N, P, and K were
higher in soil solution than distilled water under both the above conditions. Dissolution occurred when N, P, and K were released
in the above leached solutions. As a result, the fertilizer impregnated charcoal could be developed as slow-release type fertilizer
to minimize the contamination. 相似文献
762.
Inter-seasonal studies on the trace metal load of surface water, sediment and Tympanotonus fuscatus var. radula of Iko River were conducted between 2003 and 2004. The impact of anthropogenic activities especially industrial effluent,
petroleum related wastes, gas flare and episodic oil spills on the ecosystem are remarkable. Trace metals analyzed included
cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn). Sediment
particle size analysis revealed that they were characteristically psammitic and were predominantly of medium to fine grained
sand (>73%), less of silt (<15%) and clay (<10%). These results correlated with low levels of trace elements such as Pb (0.03 ± 0.02 mg kg−1), Cr (0.22 ± 0.12 mg kg−1), Cd (0.05 ± 0.03 mg kg−1), Cu (0.04 ± 0.02 mg kg−1) and Mn (0.23 ± 0.22 mg kg−1) in the sediment samples. This observation is consistent with the scarcity of clayey materials known to be good scavengers
for metallic and organic contaminants. Sediments indicated enhanced concentration of Fe, Ni and V, while other metal levels
were relatively low. The concentrations of all the metals except Pb in surface water were within the permissible levels, suggesting
that the petroleum contaminants had minimal effect on the state of pollution by trace metals in Iko River. Notably, the pollutant
concentrations in the sediments were markedly higher than the corresponding concentrations in surface water and T. fuscatus tissues, and decreased with distance from point sources of pollution. 相似文献
763.
Wastewater management in small and medium-sized enterprises representing the chemical and food industries was investigated.
The results showed that wastewater discharged from an ink-production factory was highly contaminated with organic pollutants.
Anaerobic biological treatment followed by chemical coagulation using ferric chloride aided with lime proved to be very effective
and produced an effluent that complied with national regulatory standard for wastewater discharge into public sewage network.
Also, management of wastewater from a confectionery factory representing the food sector was carried out. Aerobic biological
treatment using plastic-packed trickling filter proved to be an effective treatment method. However, application of in-plant
control measures alleviated the requirement for the construction of a wastewater treatment plant. The applied pollution prevention
and cleaner production measures involved good housekeeping, recovery of spent chocolate, modification of floor cleaning and
installation of suction devices for the removal of sugar and starch powders. All improvement measures were documented by cost/benefit
analysis. 相似文献
764.
Recycling and conservation efforts for water are the need of the day because of the lack of new water sources and the ever-increasing
demand for drinking water. Seedlings of Acacia nilotica L. were irrigated with: canal water (T1, control); municipal effluent (T2); textile effluent (T3); steel effluent (T4); textile + municipal effluent in 1:1 ratio (T5); steel + municipal effluent in 1:2 ratio (T6); steel + textile in 1:2 ratio (T8) and steel + municipal + textile in 1:2:2 ratio (T7) with views to observe effluents effect on the seedlings and its adaptability and to recommend safe disposal of these effluents.
Seedlings in T6, T7 and T8 showed 50% lesser height and collar diameter than those in control. Seedlings in T2 attained greatest height, collar diameter, numbers of branches and produced 140 g dry biomass seedling−1. Highest concentration of manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) and lowest concentration of nitrogen (N),
phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the seedlings of T4, T6, T7 and T8 resulted in nutritional imbalance, mineral toxicity and reduction in photosynthetic (Pn) and transpiration (E) rates and caused seedling mortality. Seedlings of T3 had highest sodium concentration and low concentration of Ca, Mg and micronutrients resulting in nutritional imbalance, augmented
chlorosis and reduced gas exchange and biomass by half as compared to control. Increased growth, Pn and E and biomass in seedlings of T5 over T3 and survival period in T6, T7 and T8 seedlings suggested a beneficial effect of effluents mixing. Unscientific disposal should be avoided and toxic concentration
of metal ions␣may be reduced for long-term application and harmless disposal of effluents in afforestation and urban development. 相似文献
765.
Robins L 《Environmental management》2008,42(5):833-846
This paper aims to give practical meaning to ‘capacity building’ through (a) identifying a suite of practical measures, such
as mentoring or best practice guidelines, that have been shown to or are considered to build human, social, institutional,
and economic capital; (b) placing these measures within a broader systems framework; and (c) exploring stakeholder feedback
on specific measures to inform framework implementation. The 29 measures described provide actors, whether government or nongovernment,
with a suite of practical investment choices for building capacity. These measures are then clustered into eight groups according
to their primary purpose and placed within a systems framework. The framework provides a tool for actors with responsibilities
for or an interest in capacity building to inform more holistic and strategic targeting of effort and investment. Stakeholder
feedback gathered through surveys and workshops is subsequently reported to further inform implementation of specific measures
within the framework’s eight groupings. The framework presented may be built upon through the identification and inclusion
of further capacity building measures. The research is conducted within the context of decentralized governance arrangements
for natural resource management (NRM), with specific focus on Australia’s recently formalized 56 NRM regions and their community-based
governing boards as an informative arena of learning. Application of the framework is explored in the Australian setting through
the identification and comparison of measures supported and most preferred by four major stakeholder groups, namely board
members, regional NRM organization staff, policy/research interests, and Indigenous interests. The research also examines
stakeholder perceptions of capacity issues, and whether these issues are likely to be addressed through implementing their
preferred measures.
相似文献
Lisa RobinsEmail: |
766.
Three methodologies to assess As bioaccessibility were evaluated using playground soil collected from 16 playgrounds in Madrid, Spain: two (Simplified Bioaccessibility Extraction Test: SBET, and hydrochloric acid-extraction: HCl) assess gastric-only bioaccessibility and the third (Physiologically Based Extraction Test: PBET) evaluates mouth-gastric-intestinal bioaccessibility. Aqua regia-extractable (pseudo total) As contents, which are routinely employed in risk assessments, were used as the reference to establish the following percentages of bioaccessibility: SBET - 63.1; HCl - 51.8; PBET - 41.6, the highest values associated with the gastric-only extractions. For Madrid playground soils - characterised by a very uniform, weakly alkaline pH, and low Fe oxide and organic matter contents - the statistical analysis of the results indicates that, in contrast with other studies, the highest percentage of As in the samples was bound to carbonates and/or present as calcium arsenate. As opposed to the As bound to Fe oxides, this As is readily released in the gastric environment as the carbonate matrix is decomposed and calcium arsenate is dissolved, but some of it is subsequently sequestered in unavailable forms as the pH is raised to 5.5 to mimic intestinal conditions. The HCl extraction can be used as a simple and reliable (i.e. low residual standard error) proxy for the more expensive, time consuming, and error-prone PBET methodology. The HCl method would essentially halve the estimate of carcinogenic risk for children playing in Madrid playground soils, providing a more representative value of associated risk than the pseudo-total concentrations used at present. 相似文献
767.
De Maria S Rivelli AR Kuffner M Sessitsch A Wenzel WW Gorfer M Strauss J Puschenreiter M 《Chemosphere》2011,84(9):1256-1261
Although the beneficial effects on growth and trace element accumulation in Salix spp. inoculated with microbes are well known, little information is available on the interactions among trace elements and macronutrients. The main purpose of this study was to assess the effect of phytoaugmentation with the rhizobacteria Agromyces sp., Streptomyces sp., and the combination of each of them with the fungus Cadophora finlandica on biomass production and the accumulation of selected trace elements (Zn, Cd, Fe) and macronutrients (Ca, K, P and Mg) in Salix caprea grown on a moderately polluted soil. Dry matter production was significantly enhanced only upon inoculation with Agromyces sp. Regarding the phytoextraction of Cd and Zn, shoot concentrations were mostly increased after inoculation with Streptomyces sp. and Agromyces sp. + C. finlandica. These two treatments also showed higher translocation factors from roots to the leaves for both Cd and Zn. The accumulation of Cd and Zn in shoots was related to increased concentrations of K. This suggests that microorganisms that contribute to enhanced phytoextraction of Cd and Zn affect also the solubility and thus phytoavailability of K. This study suggests that the phytoextraction of Zn and Cd can be improved by inoculation with selected microbial strains. 相似文献
768.
Van Hoecke K De Schamphelaere KA Van der Meeren P Smagghe G Janssen CR 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(4):970-976
The influence of pH (6.0-9.0), natural organic matter (NOM) (0-10 mg C/L) and ionic strength (IS) (1.7-40 mM) on 14 nm CeO2 NP aggregation and ecotoxicity towards the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was assessed following a central composite design. Mean NP aggregate sizes ranged between 200 and 10000 nm. Increasing pH and IS enhanced aggregation, while increasing NOM decreased mean aggregate sizes. The 48 h-ErC20s ranged between 4.7 and 395.8 mg CeO2/L. An equation for predicting the 48 h-ErC20 (48 h-ErC20 = −1626.4 × (pH) + 109.45 × (pH)2 + 116.49 × ([NOM]) − 14.317 × (pH) × ([NOM]) + 6007.2) was developed. In a validation study with natural waters the predicted 48 h-ErC20 was a factor 1.08-2.57 lower compared to the experimental values. 相似文献
769.
Novais SC Gomes SI Gravato C Guilhermino L De Coen W Soares AM Amorim MJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(7):1836-1843
To better understand chemical modes of action, emphasis has been given to stress responses at lower levels of biological organization. Cholinesterases and antioxidant defenses are among the most used biomarkers due to their crucial role in the neurocholinergic transmission and in cell homeostasis preventing DNA damage, enzymatic inactivation and lipid peroxidation. The main goal of this study was to investigate the effects of zinc and cadmium on survival and reproduction of E. albidus and to assess metals oxidative stress potential and neurotoxic effects at concentrations that affected reproduction. Both metals affected the enchytraeids’ survival and reproduction and induced significant changes in the antioxidant defenses as well as increased lipid peroxidation, indicating oxidative damage. This study demonstrates that determining effects at different levels of biological organization can give better information on the physiological responses of enchytraeids in metal contamination events and further unravel the mechanistic processes dealing with metal stress. 相似文献
770.