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Harry Levin 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):178-179
A slurry method of induction of test particles into a high-temperature, high-pressure gaseous flow stream is presented. The method can provide accurate control and sensitive adjustment of the particle feed and can have an ameliorative effect on particle statistics. 相似文献
54.
Michael H. Levin 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):1227-1231
Widespread pollution prevention will turn on creative use of incentives, since prevention means decentralized changes in raw materials, products, production processes and disposal practices—in short, new ways of doing business—that are difficult to achieve through information transfer or regulatory mandates alone. But past experience with incentives and the context in which these approaches are used will shape both regulators’ attitudes and industry willingness to respond. Thus the choice of incentive mechanism (s) may well determine the extent to which “prevention” is implemented—as well as the extent to which implementation yields environmentally-sound rather than perverse results. Approaches now being debated could produce such perverse effects by treating recyclables as pollution and assuming all reductions towards zero are equally desirable, regardless of net risks reduced or costs incurred by waste generators. Another alternative— tradeable permits progressively reducing the amount of waste received by disposal facilities—could help agencies think through such consequences, force needed decisions on how much “prevention” of which “pollution” is appropriate, and encourage investment to reduce commercial as well as municipal waste. This alternative implies that the criteria for “appropriate prevention” are reduction in waste needing disposal and in overall environmental impact; that recycling should be equated with source reduction in waste management hierarchies, not placed on a lower rung; and that Air Toxics provisions of the pending Clean Air Act may require some adjustments if prevention is not to be aborted by the threat that voluntary reduction steps will become national requirements, for existing sources as well as new ones. 相似文献
55.
Christian Seigneur Elpida Constantinou Mary Fend Leonard Levin Lawrence Graft Chris Whipple 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):823-830
Abstract The inclusion of non-detected chemicals in a health risk assessment may lead, in some cases, to estimated risks that exceed regulatory thresholds, because one must use the detection limit or half of the detection limit. This study presents a methodology which will allow one to estimate appropriate detection limits by conducting a health risk assessment prior to the source sampling program. The advantages and shortcomings of various levels of detail in the risk assessment to determine those detection limits are discussed. The application of the methodology is demonstrated with a case study of the potential health effects of power plant stack emissions. 相似文献
56.
This study shows the important role of humic acids in the degradation of 14C and 13C labeled isomer of NP by Sphingomonas sp. strain TTNP3 and the detoxification of the resulting metabolites. Due to the association of NP with humic acids, its solubility in the medium was enhanced and the extent of mineralization of nonylphenol increased from 20% to above 35%. This was accompanied by the formation of significant amounts of NP residues bound to the humic acids, which also occurred via abiotic reactions of the major NP metabolite hydroquinone with the humic acids. Gel permeation chromatography showed a non-homogenous distribution of NP residues with humic acids molecules, with preference towards molecules with high-molecular-weight. Solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicated that the nonextractable residues resulted exclusively from the metabolites. The chemical shifts of the labeled carbon indicated the possible covalent binding of hydroquinone to the humic acids via ester and possibly ether bonds, and the incorporation of degradation products of hydroquinone into the humic acids. This study provided evidences for the mediatory role of humic acids in the fate of NP as a sink for bacterial degradation intermediates of this compound. 相似文献
57.
Evenset A Christensen GN Carroll J Zaborska A Berger U Herzke D Gregor D 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,146(1):196-205
Ellasj?en receives contaminants from both atmospheric and biological transport (seabird guano). Historical trends of selected persistent organic pollutants and metals were determined by interpretation of down-core contaminant profiles in conjunction with sediment layer ages, determined by the (210)Pb method. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane and metabolites (DDTs) increased from about 1930 until 1970 (max. sum PCBs 71.8 ng/g dry weight (dw), max sum DDTs 4.0 ng/g dw), declining afterwards to 46.4 ng/g dw and 1.6 ng/g dw, respectively. Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) concentrations are increasing in Ellasj?en, reaching 0.73 ng/g dw in 2001. Hexabromocyclododekane (HBCD) was measured only in sediment from 1-2 cm depth (0.43 and 3.88 ng/g dw of alpha- and gamma-HBCD, respectively). Most metals (As, Cd, Co, Ni and Zn) showed a similar pattern as PCBs. No clear trends were observed for Cr, Pb or V. Mercury (Hg) has increased gradually since the beginning of the industrial era. 相似文献
58.
Regulation of benthic algal and animal communities by salt marsh plants: impact of shading 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Plant cover is a fundamental feature of many coastal marine and terrestrial systems and controls the structure of associated animal communities. Both natural and human-mediated changes in plant cover influence abiotic sediment properties and thus have cascading impacts on the biotic community. Using clipping (structural) and light (shading) manipulations in two salt marsh vegetation zones (one dominated by Spartina foliosa and one by Salicornia virginica), we tested whether these plant species exert influence on abiotic environmental factors and examined the mechanisms by which these changes regulate the biotic community. In an unshaded (plant and shade removal) treatment, marsh soils exhibited harsher physical properties, a microalgal community composition shift toward increased diatom dominance, and altered macrofaunal community composition with lower species richness, a larger proportion of insect larvae, and a smaller proportion of annelids, crustaceans, and oligochaetes compared to shaded (plant removal, shade mimic) and control treatment plots. Overall, the shaded treatment plots were similar to the controls. Plant cover removal also resulted in parallel shifts in microalgal and macrofaunal isotopic signatures of the most dynamic species. This suggests that animal responses are seen mainly among microalgae grazers and may be mediated by plant modification of microalgae. Results of these experiments demonstrate how light reduction by the vascular plant canopy can control salt marsh sediment communities in an arid climate. This research facilitates understanding of sequential consequences of changing salt marsh plant cover associated with climate or sea level change, habitat degradation, marsh restoration, or plant invasion. 相似文献
59.
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Recycling possibilities were evaluated for a composite waste composed of glass fiber reinforced polyester bound to a layer of crosslinked... 相似文献
60.
Comparison of fine-scale acoustic monitoring systems using home range size of a demersal fish 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kelly S. Andrews Nick Tolimieri Greg D. Williams Jameal F. Samhouri Chris J. Harvey Phillip S. Levin 《Marine Biology》2011,158(10):2377-2387
We compared the results from fixed acoustic transmitters and transmitters implanted in lingcod Ophiodon elongatus provided by two fine-scale passive acoustic monitoring systems: the older Vemco? Radio Acoustic Positioning (VRAP) system and the newer VR2W Positioning System (VPS) with either three or four receivers.
The four-receiver VPS method calculated five times more positions of lingcod than VRAP and more than twice as many as the
three-receiver VPS. Calculated positions of fixed transmitters were less precise with VRAP than either VPS approach. Measurements
of home range for lingcod were similar between the four-receiver VPS and VRAP, which were both greater than the three-receiver
VPS. Comparisons varied when lingcod were in/near complex habitats. As new technology develops, it is important to understand
how new methods compare to previous methods. This may be important when describing patterns of movement or habitat use in
the context of changes in habitat or management efforts. 相似文献