Determination of road dust loadings and chemical characteristics using resuspension

The contribution of fugitive dust from traffic to air pollution can no longer be ignored in China. In order to obtain the road dust loadings and to understand the chemical characteristics of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 from typical road dust, different paved roads in eight districts of Beijing were selected for dust collection during the four seasons of 2005. Ninety-eight samples from 28 roads were obtained. The samples were resuspended using equipment assembled to simulate the rising process of road dust caused by the wind or wheels in order to obtain the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 filter samples. The average road dust loading was 3.82 g m^− 2, with the highest of 24.22 g m^− 2 being in Hutongs in the rural–urban continuum during winter. The road dust loadings on higher-grade roads were lower than those on lower-grade roads. Attention should be paid to the pollution in the rural–urban continuum areas. The sums of element abundances measured were 16.17% and 18.50% for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in road dust. The average abundances of OC and EC in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in road dust were 11.52%, 2.01% and 12.50%, 2.06%, respectively. The abundance of elements, water-soluble ions, and OC, EC in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 resuspended from road dust did not change greatly with seasons and road types. The soil dust, construction dust, dust emitted from burning coal, vehicle exhaust, and deposition of particles in the air were the main sources of road dust in Beijing. Affected by the application of snow-melting agents in Beijing during winter, the amount of Cl⁻ and Na⁺ was much higher during that time than in the other seasons. This will have a certain influence on roads, bridges, vegetations, and groundwater.     

天津市PM10和PM2.5中水溶性离子化学特征及来源分析

2011年5月—2012年1月在天津市南开区设立采样点,采集大气中PM10和PM2.5样品。采用离子色谱法测定颗粒物中水溶性无机阴离子、阳离子成分,分析其主要组成、季节变化及污染来源。结果表明,天津市PM10中离子平均浓度为71.2μg/m3,占PM10质量浓度的33.7%。PM2.5中离子平均浓度为54.8μg/m3,占PM2.5质量浓度的39.6%。NH+4、SO2-4、NO-3等二次离子含量较大,且夏季含量均为最高。颗粒物总体呈酸性,PM10中∑阳离子/∑阴离子平均值为0.92,PM2.5中该比值为0.75。来源分析发现,PM10可能主要来源于海盐、工业源、二次反应及土壤和建筑尘等,PM2.5则主要来源于海盐污染源、二次反应及生物质燃烧。     

城市生活垃圾综合管理决策模型研究进展

生活垃圾综合管理模型已广泛应用于城市生活垃圾综合管理方案的制订.概述了国外用于城市生活垃圾综合管理决策的主要模型及其研究进展,包括费用-效益分析模型、生命周期评价模型和多目标决策分析模型.在分析国内该领域的研究现状和存在问题的基础上,提出了中国今后开展城市生活垃圾综合管理决策与模型研究的建议.     

Stormwater runoff quality from different surfaces in an urban catchment in Beijing, China

Urban stormwater runoff quality, widely investigated around the world, has been monitored less in Beijing, China, which impedes the municipal government to use best management practices to protect surface water. In this study, rainwater and stormwater runoff samples from roofs, roads, and a lawn on the campus of the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences (RCEES) (Beijing, China) and from a ring road, with heavy traffic, have been sampled and analyzed for 31 storm events from June 2004 to August 2005. Total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations in rainwater and runoff ranged over 2 or more orders of magnitude, meaning that the highest concentration of a certain pollutant did not always occur in a certain kind of runoff. Runoff contained significantly higher concentrations of pollutants than rainwater. On the campus of RCEES, TSS and total phosphorus in runoff samples from the lawn and roads were significantly higher than those from roofs, while the COD, BOD5, and total nitrogen concentrations were not significantly different in runoff among surfaces. Compared with runoff from the roads on campus, runoff from the ring road contained more COD and total nitrogen, but less TSS, BOD5, and total phosphorus. All pollutants measured in runoff from roofs on campus and from the ring road showed a peak concentration in starting runoff, which then decreased sharply. The peak concentrations of COD, BOD5, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in the roof runoff increased with the increase in time of the antecedent dry period. Thus, urban stormwater pollution control, especially for first-flush control, is of great importance for the full use of rainwater and prevention of water pollution.     

保障城镇生活COD减排的污水处理程度及投资预测

城镇生活COD排放量的持续增加直接加大了COD减排压力,更加大了工业COD的减排压力.因此,加强城镇生活COD减排,预测其所需的污水处理设施及投资至关重要.按照2006-2010年城镇人均生活污水排放量年均递增率设置4种情景,预计为满足减排要求,2010年城市生活污水处理率约为67%～71%,城市环境基础设施建设投资可能达到2 000亿元.     

电厂脱硫灰烧成硫铝酸盐水泥的试验研究

电厂脱硫灰由于成分复杂和高硫高钙的特点,为其综合利用造成了很多困难.试验证明,只需添加部分CaO或CaCO2,用脱硫灰作生料即可在1 300℃左右烧成硫铝酸盐水泥.这种方式可以完全利用脱硫灰中的游离CaO,CaCO3,Ca(OH)2和含硫矿物CaSO3与CaSO4,使其转化为水泥熟料矿物,如硫铝酸钙(Ca4Al6O12SO4)、硅酸二钙(Ca2SiO4)等,还能完全利用脱硫灰中的未燃烬碳,因而能达到物尽其用,是一种全新高效的利用方式,具有广阔的应用前景.     

灭菌预处理污泥及其滤液产氢发酵的比较研究

剩余污泥中的固态物质包含大量的蛋白质和多聚糖等有机质,一直被认为是一种具有潜力的生物制氢原料。灭菌预处理的剩余污泥会释放出大量的有机质,真空抽滤后去除掉污泥中固态物质得到滤液。将预处理污泥与滤液分别作为底物,接种产氢菌Pseudomonas sp. GZ1后产氢发酵。测定2种不同底物发酵反应过程中氢气的产量,以及底物的变化（SCOD、可溶性蛋白质、总糖、pH值）。实验结果表明,利用预处理后的污泥滤液作为底物能够有效提高氢气产量。滤液发酵的产氢量达到了4.44 mg H₂/g COD,比预处理污泥直接发酵提高了近3.3倍。本实验证明污泥中的固态物质在发酵过程中能释放出更多的营养物质,但实际上并不能被产氢菌有效地利用产生更多的氢气,并对其原因进行了探讨。     

掺杂纳米Bi2WO6的水热合成及其光催化性能研究

采用水热法合成了掺杂纳米Bi₂WO₆,以罗丹明B为目标降解物,研究了样品在可见光下的光催化性能。采用XRD测试了合成样品的晶体结构,采用BET法测试了合成样品的比表面积,实验结果表明适当浓度的Pb²⁺、Sr³⁺和Zr⁴⁺离子对纳米Bi2WO6的掺杂均能提高其催化性能,其中掺杂Pb²⁺、Zr⁴⁺更有效,且Pb²⁺在1%掺杂时效果最好,Zr⁴⁺在0.5%掺杂时效果最好。而且,光催化剂在光催化过程中性能稳定,不产生光腐蚀,并具有一定的吸附性能。     

GIS支持下的锡林郭勒盟旱灾救灾区划初探

基于自然灾害系统理论,构建内蒙古锡林郭勒盟的旱灾评价系统模式,表明灾情是致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾体综合作用的产物。以锡林郭勒盟的旱灾程度、救灾等级、备灾能力（经济水平与社会状况）、应急能力（物资储备及物流通达水平）、恢复能力（恢复与重建）等重要指标为核心,对锡林郭勒盟的旱灾灾前、灾中、灾后三个阶段的响应能力进行评价与地域划分,并与锡林郭勒盟的旱灾等级区划相结合,构建了灾害-响应程度模型。