Sulfur cycle as an electron mediator between carbon and nitrate in a constructed wetland microcosm

• Fe(III) accepted the most electrons from organics, followed by NO₃^‒, SO₄^2‒, and O₂. • The electrons accepted by SO₄^2‒ could be stored in the solid AVS, FeS₂-S, and S⁰. • The autotrophic denitrification driven by solid S had two-phase characteristics. • A conceptual model involving electron acceptance, storage, and donation was built. • S cycle transferred electrons between organics and NO₃^‒ with an efficiency of 15%. A constructed wetland microcosm was employed to investigate the sulfur cycle-mediated electron transfer between carbon and nitrate. Sulfate accepted electrons from organics at the average rate of 0.84 mol/(m³·d) through sulfate reduction, which accounted for 20.0% of the electron input rate. The remainder of the electrons derived from organics were accepted by dissolved oxygen (2.6%), nitrate (26.8%), and iron(III) (39.9%). The sulfide produced from sulfate reduction was transformed into acid-volatile sulfide, pyrite, and elemental sulfur, which were deposited in the substratum, storing electrons in the microcosm at the average rate of 0.52 mol/(m³·d). In the presence of nitrate, the acid-volatile and elemental sulfur were oxidized to sulfate, donating electrons at the average rate of 0.14 mol/(m³·d) and driving autotrophic denitrification at the average rate of 0.30 g N/(m³·d). The overall electron transfer efficiency of the sulfur cycle for autotrophic denitrification was 15.3%. A mass balance assessment indicated that approximately 50% of the input sulfur was discharged from the microcosm, and the remainder was removed through deposition (49%) and plant uptake (1%). Dominant sulfate-reducing (i.e., Desulfovirga, Desulforhopalus, Desulfatitalea, and Desulfatirhabdium) and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (i.e., Thiohalobacter, Thiobacillus, Sulfuritalea, and Sulfurisoma), which jointly fulfilled a sustainable sulfur cycle, were identified. These results improved understanding of electron transfers among carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles in constructed wetlands, and are of engineering significance.     

Metabolic uncoupler, 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide addition for sludge reduction and fouling control in a gravity-driven membrane bioreactor

• Effects of metabolic uncoupler TCS on the performances of GDMBR were evaluated. • Sludge EPS reduced and transformed into dissolved SMP when TCS was added. • Appropriate TCS increased the permeability and reduced cake layer fouling. • High dosage aggravated fouling due to compact cake layer with low bio-activity. The gravity-driven membrane bioreactor (MBR)system is promising for decentralized sewage treatment because of its low energy consumption and maintenance requirements. However, the growing sludge not only increases membrane fouling, but also augments operational complexities (sludge discharge). We added the metabolic uncoupler 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) to the system to deal with the mentioned issues. Based on the results, TCS addition effectively decreased sludge ATP and sludge yield (reduced by 50%). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS; proteins and polysaccharides) decreased with the addition of TCS and were transformed into dissolved soluble microbial products (SMPs) in the bulk solution, leading to the break of sludge flocs into small fragments. Permeability was increased by more than two times, reaching 60–70 L/m²/h bar when 10–30 mg/L TCS were added, because of the reduced suspended sludge and the formation of a thin cake layer with low EPS levels. Resistance analyses confirmed that appropriate dosages of TCS primarily decreased the cake layer and hydraulically reversible resistances. Permeability decreased at high dosage (50 mg/L) due to the release of excess sludge fragments and SMP into the supernatant, with a thin but more compact fouling layer with low bioactivity developing on the membrane surface, causing higher cake layer and pore blocking resistances. Our study provides a fundamental understanding of how a metabolic uncoupler affects the sludge and bio-fouling layers at different dosages, with practical relevance for in situ sludge reduction and membrane fouling alleviation in MBR systems.     

Effects of rainfall on surface environment and morphological characteristics in the Loess Plateau

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Slope failure is a one of major process that causes severe landform variation and environment variation, and slope failure has become a major hidden...     

一种便携式储油装置的研制与应用

油中溶解气体在线监测因其即时性和连续性的优点,可连续对变压器状态进行有效跟踪及识别,是目前变压器故障诊断的重要手段,为了提高油中溶解气体在线检测装置的准确性,开发、制造了一种用于校准油中溶解气体在线监测装置的储油装置,对该装置进行了油样稳定性与均匀性的实验验证,并将其应用于宁夏电网油中溶解气体在线监测装置的入网校验与现场校验。结果表明：该储油装置操作简单、便于实验室和现场携带运输,其特征气体5日损耗率低于5%,均匀性满足不同取样位置检测值之差小于平均值10%的技术指标。该装置的应用有效发现了部分油中溶解气体在线监测装置的准确性问题。     

A5000型换流阀晶闸管击穿故障处理方案优化

晶闸管击穿故障为换流阀常见故障之一,现有±800 kV特高压换流站A5000型换流阀晶闸管击穿故障处理方案存在耗时不稳定、处理环节复杂等问题,进而造成换流阀停电时间延长,影响直流输电系统功率输送能力,针对A5000型换流阀晶闸管击穿故障处理方案进行优化,提高了该型号换流阀晶闸管击穿故障的处理效率,缩短了换流阀停电时间,可进一步保障直流输电系统功率输送能力。     

Annual Nutritional Organ Mass Cycle of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bufo gargarizans</Emphasis> (Cantor, 1842) in Response to Extreme High Temperature

The annual relative mass of storage organs cycle of Bufo gargarizans in southwestern China was studied from December 2005 to November 2006. We described how those organs changed in response to extreme temperatures. Energy reservation dropped to the lowest levels after dormancy for both sexes, and then increased for period of 4.25 month. However, the mass of these organs dropped again rapidly until August (liver) and September (fat bodies) due to the constraint from extreme high temperature occurred during the summer, and then non-significantly increased before hibernation. For ovaries, varied with a different profile to those of liver and fat bodies have a resting period of four months. In addition, the toads’ ovaries kept growing when the mass of liver and fat bodies declining accordingly during hibernation. Therefore, ovarian mass increased during the hibernation and non-hibernation period.     

基于微型无人机遥感数据的城市水环境信息提取初探

近年来,黑臭水体整治已经成为各级政府的重要工作内容。为更好地开展黑臭水体筛查和监管工作,提出基于多旋翼无人机搭载多光谱相机的遥感监测方案,尝试采用影像特征变换结合面向对象分类方法提取黑臭水体的遥感信息。结果表明:(1)无人机影像上地物具有更加丰富的色彩和纹理;(2)与主成分变换和纹理分析方法相比,光谱指数对典型地物具有较好的判别能力;(3)采用标准最邻近分类法提取城市水环境信息,能够获得较高分类精度。     

Technological innovation paths toward green industry in China

With the environmental carrying capacity reaching its limits and the decreasing margin benefits of traditional production factors, the green transformation and green development through technological innovations has been a major direction for the future development of Chinese industries. However, the characteristics and heterogeneities of various types of industries call for different approaches regarding technological innovations. How to choose the most effective mode of technological innovation according to the characteristics of a certain industry has been a key issue. This paper measures the green total factor productivity of 32 industrial trades using the Slacks Based Measure(SBM)-DDF method. The effects of three innovation modes in the green transformation of industrial industry, including the independent innovation(Ⅱ), the technology introduction(TI), and the government support(GS), are empirically analyzed based on industry heterogeneity. Results indicate that the green total factor productivities of different industries show significant differences if taking into account the energy input and the undesirable output of pollutant emissions. The green total factor productivities of traditional high input,high pollution, and high energy consumption industrial trades were significantly lower than those with obvious green features. The year of 2009 is a leap year for the industrial green transformation in China. For resource-intensive industries, the II and the GS are the important ways to achieve green transformation. For labor-intensive industries, the TI is the best path to achieve green transformation, while for technology-intensive industries, the II is the primary driving force for the promotion of green developments. In addition, the innovation-compensating effect of the current Chinese environmental regulations to the resource-intensive industries has been revealed. Improving the overall scale and the industrial concentration of the industries is also beneficial for the green transformation of the industries.     

“十二五”时期中国碳排放强度累积目标完成率分析

以中国大陆30个省市(自治区)为例,以2010年为基准年,在ESTDA的框架下,运用ESDA、LISA时间路径和LISA时空跃迁等方法分析了2011~2015年碳排放强度累积目标完成率的时空动态特征,同时,利用空间误差模型和地理加权回归模型分析了中国省域碳排放强度累积目标完成率的影响因素。结果表明：（1)中国省域碳排放强度累积目标完成率存在显著的空间差异性和空间自相关性;(2）东部地区具有相对稳定的局部空间结构;在空间依赖方向上,北京稳定性最强,新疆波动性最大;(3）中国省域碳排放强度累积目标完成率空间格局演化的整合性较弱,稳定性较强,协同高增长省域主要分布在中西部地区,协同低增长省域主要分布在东部地区;（4)影响中国省域碳排放强度累积目标完成率的重要因素是产业结构、能源强度、能源自给度和能源消费结构。 关键词： 碳排放强度累积目标完成率;时空动态;LISA时间路径;LISA时空跃迁;地理加权回归模型     

城市湿地损失和内涝灾害响应的遥感分析——以武汉市南湖为例

随着快速的城市化,城市湿地不断转化成建设用地,这打破了城市水量循环的均衡,城市内涝灾害的敏感性和危害性随之提高。选取城市快速扩张的武汉市南湖地区,基于1988～2015年近30 a南湖湿地多时相遥感影像,以武汉市南湖2016年7月内涝灾害为对象,运用遥感和GIS手段,分析南湖湿地损失过程、驱动因素以及城市涝灾害的响应情况。结果表明：（1）1988~2015年间南湖湿地持续损失,累计消减1 563 hm2;南湖湿地损失经历了快速损失（1988~1996）急剧损失（1996~2004）缓慢损失（1996~2010）相对静止（2010~2015）的4个阶段,每个阶段南湖湿地转化为建设用地量分别为35.3、135、30、5.4 hm2;损失过程从南湖湿地北部开始,逐渐向南部蔓延;（2）环湖地区房地产发展是湖泊湿地损失的主要原因,52%的损失湿地转换为住宅用地;（3）85.7%的内涝灾害区域位于原湖泊湿地内;南湖地区海拔较低,随着住宅用地以及其他建设用地对湖泊湿地的侵占,南湖地区不透水面面积增加,湿地蓄水排水能力下降,在降雨量较多的时段,原湖泊湿地区域更容易受到内涝侵袭。 关键词： 城市湿地; 湿地损失; 内涝灾害; 武汉市南湖