泰乐菌素在华南地区农业土壤上的吸附动力学和热力学特性

为了研究抗生素在华南地区农业环境中的行为特征,采用批平衡试验研究了泰乐菌素在华南地区典型农业土壤上的吸附动力学和热力学特性. 结果表明:泰乐菌素的吸附与土壤的pH呈负相关,与w(OC)没有明显的相关性;泰乐菌素的吸附动力学符合二级动力学模型,吸附速率可能主要由颗粒间扩散过程控制;吸附是自发进行的吸热过程. 研究显示,泰乐菌素易在南亚热带农业土壤中残留,应当重视其潜在的环境风险.      

ETC系统运行的环境影响分析

为了评估ETC系统运行的环境影响,采用PARAMICS微观仿真平台,结合综合尾气排放模型(CMEM),建立收费站交通运行模型.通过PARAMICS提供的API函数对车辆换道模型进行建模,并对仿真平台的关键参数进行校验,使仿真结果符合收费站的实际运行情况.在此基础上,从油耗和尾气排放量等方面对收费站运行情况进行定量分析.针对车道流量、车辆通过速度以及ETC车辆比例等因素,研究ETC车道以及收费站运行过程的环境影响.结果发现,通过ETC车道的车辆油耗总量随流量增长呈线性增长趋势,通过速度的提高使通过车辆的油耗总量和尾气排放量快速下降.最后选择华南快速干线新港东收费站进行实例分析并提出实施ETC系统的改进建议.      

天津市区表层土壤中多氯联苯的污染特征

用GC/ECD分析、GC/MS验证的方法测定了天津市区41个表层(0~10 cm)土壤样品中84种PCB异构体. 结果表明:w(PCBs)为0.82~8.86 ng/g,平均值为3.56 ng/g,其中工业区>路边绿化带>公园. 7种PCB指示异构体的浓度(以w计)范围为0.08~2.05 ng/g,占总量的22.89%,与w(PCBs)具有较好的相关性(R=0.74,P<0.000 1). 5氯联苯和3氯联苯是主要的异构体,分别占总量的28.30%和22.14%. 浓度位居前10位的异构体分别是PCB31/28、PCB201、PCB6、PCB84、PCB92、PCB101、PCB16/32、PCB89、PCB180和PCB12/13. 主成分分析显示,国产变压器油与电容器油、Aro1242、Aro1248、Aro1254、A30和KC300以及现有工业的排放是天津市区表层土壤中PCBs的主要来源. 关键词:多氯联苯(PCBs); 表层土壤; PCB指示异构体; 异构体      

Effects of clotrimazole and amiodarone on early development of amphibian (Xenopus tropicalis)

Pharmaceuticals have been recognized as a continuing threat to environmental stability. Few experimental data are available for the effects of clotrimazole and amiodarone on the ecological environment. An acute test with embryos and a chronic test with larvae of amphibian (Xenopus tropicalis) were thus conducted to determine the influence of clotrimazole or amiodarone on early amphibian development. In acute test, % survival and the body length were numerically decreased by both pharmaceuticals treatments compared to control. In chronic test, the cumulative mortality was 22.2% with 0.1?µg?L^?1 clotrimazole treatment and 21.7% with 1?µg?L^?1 amiodarone. The whole body length and the biomass were significantly decreased and developmental stages significantly delayed by both pharmaceuticals. The results of our study suggest that clotrimazole exerted adverse effects on larvae of X. tropicalis at environmentally relevant concentrations.     

基于解释结构模型的宿舍火灾事故影响因素分析

依据影响宿舍火灾事故的11个因素间的逻辑关系,运用解释结构建模的原理和方法,建立了多级阶梯结构模型.通过模型揭示了各因素间的内在联系和层次关系,提出加强安全教育和增加安全投入是改善宿舍火灾安全现状的最有效措施.     

安全带整体静负荷试验机的研制及应用

安全带是有效地预防高处作业人员因意外坠落而受到身体伤害的必要防护装备。本文根据GB6095—2009《安全带》、GB／T6096—2009《安全带测试方法》标准中安全带整体静态负荷试验的要求,对安全带整体静负荷试验机的研制与应用开展一些调研和探讨,希望对从事安全带检验的机构和安全带生产的企业中的科研、检验人员提供一些感性的认知和帮助。     

Environmental impact of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>, Rn,Hg degassing from the rupture zones produced by Wenchuan <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>s</Subscript> 8.0 earthquake in western Sichuan,China

The concentrations and flux of CO₂, ²²²Radon (Rn), and gaseous elemental mercury (Hg) in soil gas were investigated based on the field measurements in June 2010 at ten sites along the seismic rupture zones produced by the May 12, 2008, Wenchuan M _s 8.0 earthquake in order to assess the environmental impact of degassing of CO₂, Rn and Hg. Soil gas concentrations of 344 sampling points were obtained. Seventy measurements of CO₂, Rn and Hg flux by the static accumulation chamber method were performed. The results of risk assessment of CO₂, Rn and Hg concentration in soil gas showed that (1) the concentration of CO₂ in the epicenter of Wenchuan M _s 8.0 earthquake and north end of seismic ruptures had low risk of asphyxia; (2) the concentrations of Rn in the north segment of seismic ruptures had high levels of radon, Maximum was up to level 4, according to Chinese code (GB 50325-2001); (3) the average geoaccumulation index I _geo of soil Hg denoted the lack of soil contamination, and maximum values classified the soil gas as moderately to strongly polluted in the epicenter. The investigation of soil gas CO₂, Rn and Hg degassing rate indicated that (1) the CO₂ in soil gas was characterized by a mean \(\updelta^{13}C_{CO2}\) of ?20.4 ‰ and by a mean CO₂ flux of 88.1 g m^?2 day^?1, which were in the range of the typical values for biologic CO₂ degassing. The maximum of soil CO₂ flux reached values of 399 g m^?2 day^?1 in the epicenter; (2) the soil Rn had higher exhalation in the north segment of seismic ruptures, the maximum reached value of 1976 m Bq m^?2 s^?1; (3) the soil Hg flux was lower, ranging from ?2.5 to 18.7 n g m^?2 h^?1 and increased from south to north. The mean flux over the all profiles was 4.2 n g m^?2 h^?1. The total output of CO₂ and Hg degassing estimated along seismic ruptures for a survey area of 18.17 km² were approximately 0.57 Mt year^?1 and 688.19 g year^?1. It is recommended that land-use planners should incorporate soil gas and/or gas flux measurements in the environmental assessment of areas of possible risk. A survey of all houses along seismic ruptures is advised as structural measures to prevent the ingress of soil gases, including CO₂ and Rn, were needed in some houses.     

闽西北地区不同龄组常绿阔叶混交林生态系统碳储量结构特征

选取福建西北部地区多群落类型组成的常绿阔叶混交林为研究对象,通过典型样地调查法,对生态系统各个层次进行取样调查,采用“相对生长法”计算乔木层生物量,灌木层、草本层和凋落物层采用全部收获法测得其生物量,对土壤层的调查采用剖面法加土钻法,代表性样品碳含量的测定采用重铬酸钾-外加热容量法。在此基础上,分析了该地区不同林龄常绿阔叶林生态系统碳储量及其格局特征,结果表明,（1）闽西北地区常绿阔叶林生态系统平均碳储量为260.63 t·hm-2。在每个发育阶段,各层片对整个生态系统碳储量的贡献率相对稳定,空间分布格局特征相似。幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成过熟林生态系统的碳储量分别为192.14、221.15、317.11和312.12 t·hm-2,基本表现出随林龄增加而逐渐增大的趋势。（2）乔木层、灌木层、草本层、凋落物层的平均碳质量分数分别为48.5%、46.9%、41.2%、44.0%,每个层片中,各器官的碳含量差异不大,乔木层、灌木层及草本层的碳质量分数表现出随层片高度降低而减小的趋势。土壤碳质量分数由表层到底层逐渐减小。0～10、10～20 cm土层碳质量分数均显著大于其余三个土层。（3）生物量碳储量在每个层片随着龄组不同,表现出不同的变化趋势。乔木层碳储量大小排序为近熟林﹥成过熟林﹥中龄林﹥幼龄林,灌木层与草本层在不同发育阶段的碳储量,均表现出以下规律：从幼龄林到中龄林不断增长,在中龄林达到最大值后,又随发育的进行显现出不断下降的趋势。随着地表凋落物现存量的不断增加,其碳储量也表现出幼龄林﹥中龄林﹥近熟林﹥成过熟林的趋势。土壤的平均碳储量为134.986 t·hm-2,随着林分发育,表现为成过熟林﹥近熟林﹥中龄林﹥幼龄林。     

石漠化地区豆科植物根瘤菌降解碳酸钙、镁能力研究

微生物对岩溶地区岩石风化、成土具有明显的促进作用,为了筛选出能够促进碳酸盐岩风化、加快成土速率的优势根瘤菌菌株,将其与豆科植物建立共生体系,进行石漠化地区修复与治理,实验以分离自云南石漠化地区的9株豆科植物根瘤菌为研究对象,将9株根瘤菌接种于加有难溶性碳酸钙或碳酸镁的液体培养液中,28.5℃、160 r·min-1摇床培养15 d,于0、1、3、6、10、15 d取样2 mL,每个样3个平行;将样品加入到10 mL体积比5∶1的硝酸高氯酸消化液中浸泡过夜,放在电热板上缓慢加热至溶液澄清透明,分别用含La3＋2%的盐酸溶液定容至10 mL,空白用同样方法处理;最后采用原子火焰吸收方法测定样品中Ca2＋和Mg2＋含量,筛选出对碳酸盐岩主要成分碳酸钙和碳酸镁具有强降解作用的根瘤菌菌株。结果表明：热带根瘤菌Rhizobium tropici （SWFU09）和根瘤菌Rhizobium sp.（SWFU02）对碳酸钙降解作用最强;对碳酸镁降解作用最好的菌株为根瘤菌Rhizobiumsp.（SWFU03）、热带根瘤菌Rhizobium tropici（SWFU05）和慢生根瘤菌Bradyrhizobium sp.（SWFU01）。溶液pH值对碳酸镁降解作用具重要的影响,对碳酸钙降解作用影响不大,说明根瘤菌代谢产生的酸性物质（有机酸、氨基酸）对碳酸钙和碳酸镁降解作用有一定影响,但不是唯一影响因素;也可能是微生物代谢产生的有机配体（基）吸附碳酸钙和碳酸镁表面,与水体中的成分形成复合物,改变溶解的平衡,置换出Ca2＋和Mg2＋。     

硫代硫酸铵添加对黄平大黄油菜富集土壤汞的影响-田间试验

在田间条件下,研究添加硫代硫酸铵对黄平大黄油菜(Brassica juncea var.HPDH)富集土壤汞(总汞含量13.7mg·kg-1)及土壤汞形态转化影响。试验设置2个处理,对照小区(无硫代硫酸铵)和处理小区(每公斤土壤加入8 g硫代硫酸铵),硫代硫酸铵溶液在植物收获前7 d添加到土壤。试验结束后,分析植物生物量和组织内汞含量。结果表明,硫代硫酸铵处理小区植物生物量(干重)要略高于对照区。硫代硫酸铵处理小区植物根系和地上部分汞含量分别是对照区的600和250倍。利用连续化学浸提法分析了修复前后土壤汞形态变化特征,发现硫代硫酸铵辅助植物修复后能显著降低土壤有机结合态汞含量,大幅度提高残渣态汞含量,溶解态与可交换态汞含量略有增加,特殊吸附态和铁锰氧化态汞含量无显著变化。