车用柴油机燃用棕榈生物柴油的颗粒物排放特性研究

在满足国Ⅳ排放法规的车用柴油机上研究了燃用不同掺混体积比例的棕榈油生物柴油的颗粒物排放特性.试验中棕榈油生物柴油的掺混比例分别为0%、10%、20%、50%和100%,采用DMS500型快速颗粒光谱仪测试分析了发动机在外特性和负荷特性时的颗粒物数量浓度、质量浓度及粒径分布.研究结果表明:随生物柴油掺混比例的增加,颗粒物质量浓度降低.燃用生物柴油后颗粒物的数量浓度在大负荷明显降低,中小负荷呈升高趋势.生物柴油的排气颗粒物呈核态和凝聚态的双峰分布特征,核态数量浓度所占比例高于柴油,凝聚态的质量浓度所占比例略低于柴油.生物柴油颗粒物的几何平均直径小于柴油.     

柠檬酸-施氏矿物复合体对Cd和Pb的吸附研究

施氏矿物(Schwertmannite)是酸性矿区废水污染环境中典型的铁硫酸盐次生矿物,由于其较好的吸附能力成为矿区多种重金属的沉积库.环境中同时广泛存在着各种有机质,易与矿物结合形成有机质矿物复合体,从而影响矿物对重金属的吸附行为.目前关于有机质与施氏矿物形成的复合体对重金属的吸附研究相对较少.因此,本研究选取柠檬酸作为天然有机质的代表,研究不同环境条件下柠檬酸施氏矿物复合体对重金属Cd、Pb的吸附.结果表明,复合体保持着施氏矿物基本的矿物学特征,对重金属Cd和Pb的吸附行为表现出不同的趋势:复合体对Cd的吸附量整体上随着Cd浓度和pH值的升高而上升;相反,复合体对Pb的吸附量均比纯施氏矿物要低,并且随着柠檬酸含量的升高吸附量下降越明显;体系中共存的硫酸根离子(SO₄^2-)抑制了复合体对Cd的吸附,而对Pb的吸附则起到促进作用.XRD分析表明柠檬酸抑制了高pH下Pb在矿物表面形成PbSO₄沉淀.FTIR红外谱图进一步证明结合在复合体上的柠檬酸参与了对Cd和Pb的吸附过程.本研究结果有助于更好地预测Cd和Pb在矿区的迁移和归宿.     

希瓦氏菌还原作用下黄钾铁矾的相转变特征及其负载铬的迁移转化规律

黄钾铁矾对酸性矿山废水中铬（Cr）等污染物有较好的固定去除作用.微生物活动对黄钾铁矾的稳定性和Cr的迁移转化特性有重要影响.因此,本研究在厌氧条件下,通过批次实验研究了希瓦氏菌MR-1还原溶解负载Cr黄钾铁矾过程中二次矿物的形成和Cr污染物的迁移转化特性.结果表明,希瓦氏菌能够促进黄钾铁矾的还原溶解.Cr负载能够增强黄钾铁矾的稳定性,抑制矿物的溶解转化.在不含Cr实验组,黄钾铁矾相转变产物为蓝铁矿和针铁矿;而在负载Cr实验组,二次矿物仅为蓝铁矿.在希瓦氏菌还原溶解负载Cr黄钾铁矾的过程中,矿物中有少量的Cr溶出,进入水体,随后又被吸附于新形成的二次矿物中.矿物中的Cr由原来的残渣态转化为不定型铁结合态,固相中Cr释放的风险增大.XPS检测结果表明,矿物表面的Cr（Ⅵ）被还原为Cr（Ⅲ）,Cr的毒性降低.研究结果对进一步理解酸性矿山废水中Fe、S和Cr的地球化学循环过程有重要意义.     

Effects of eggshell addition on calcium-deficient acid soils contaminated with heavy metals

The eggshell was used to remediate the contaminated soil by heavy metals. The eggshell addition decreased the available state of the heavy metals. The available calcium in the soil increased due to eggshell addition. The efficiency was investigated in different moisture conditions. In this study, effects of water conditions (flooded, wet, or dry) and eggshell dosages (0, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 g/kg soil, respectively) on pH variation, content of unavailable state of heavy metals, form of heavy metals, and available nutritious element calcium (Ca) in acid soils contaminated with heavy metals were investigated, respectively. The soil samples were continuously cultivated indoors and analyzed by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and community bureau of reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure. The results showed that the addition of eggshell could effectively improve the pH of acid soil and increase it to neutral level. Moreover, the contents of unavailable state of heavy metals Cu, Zn, and Cd increased significantly. Furthermore, when the soil was cultivated under the flooded condition with 1.0 g/kg eggshell, the unavailable state of Cu, Zn, and Cd increased the most, and these heavy metals were transformed into residual state. On the other hand, the amount of available state of Ca increased to 432.19 from 73.34 mg/kg with the addition of 1.0 g/kg eggshell, which indicated that the addition of eggshell dramatically improved the available state of Ca. Therefore, eggshell could ameliorate the soil environment as it led to the decrease of available heavy metals and improvement of fertilization effectively. In a word, this study indicates that the addition of eggshell would be a new potential method for remediation of acid field soils contaminated with heavy metals.     

考虑损伤特征的冻风积土加载模型与试验研究

近几年随着宁夏电网的快速发展,火电厂及新能源的大规模接入,短路电流超标问题日益突出。本文基于转移阻抗的概念,分别从电源发展和网架变化两个方面分析了2014至2018年引起宁夏电网各电压等级短路电流超标的原因,结果表明电源接入是导致330 kV、750 kV电网短路电流超标的主要原因,引起220 kV短路电流超标的主要因素是网架变化。此外分析了各电压等级火电厂的短路电流灵敏度系数,结果表明火电厂对本电压等级的短路电流灵敏度系数最大。最后总结了近年来宁夏电网已采取的短路电流限制措施,并结合宁夏电网十三五规划,分析了宁夏电网4分区运行方案。     

Hexachlorobutadiene emissions from typical chemical plants

• Unintentional HCBD production in typical chemical plants was investigated. • The highest HCBD concentrations were found in the bottom residue. • Tri/tetrachloroethylene production processes were important HCBD sources. Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) was classed as a persistent organic pollutant under the Stockholm Convention in 2015. HCBD is mainly an unintentionally produced by-product of chlorinated hydrocarbon (e.g., trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene) synthesis. Few studies of HCBD formation during chemical production processes have been performed, so HCBD emissions from these potentially important sources are not understood. In this study, HCBD concentrations in raw materials, intermediate products, products, and bottom residues from chemical plants producing chlorobenzene, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene were determined. The results indicated that HCBD is unintentionally produced at much higher concentrations in trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene plants than chlorobenzene plants. The sum of the HCBD concentrations in the samples from all of the trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene production stages in plant PC was 247000 mg/mL, about three orders of magnitude higher than the concentrations in the tetrachloroethylene production samples (plant PB) and about six orders of magnitude higher than the concentrations in the chlorobenzene production samples (plant PA). The HCBD concentrations were highest in bottom residues from all of the plants. The concentrations in the bottom residue samples contributed 24%–99% of the total HCBD formed in the chemical production plants. The bottom residue, being hazardous waste, could be disposed of by incineration. The HCBD concentrations were much higher in intermediate products than raw materials, indicating that HCBD formed during production of the intended chemicals. The results indicate the concentrations of HCBD unintentionally produced in typical chemical plants and will be useful in developing protocols for controlling HCBD emissions to meet the Stockholm Convention requirements.     

石家庄近地层风场辐合与重污染关系研究

石家庄多发生以风场辐合为特征的局地污染事件,客观判识辐合区和辐合过程强弱对重污染预报指示意义重大.为研究石家庄风场辐合特征及其对局地污染的贡献,更好地为区域重污染天气预报预警提供客观指标参考,在引入固定高度层内矢量通风系数物理量的基础上,结合箱体模型提出一种定量计算近地层风场辐合强度系数的方法,并利用ERA-Interim再分析资料计算了京津冀地区矢量通风系数以及辐合强度系数,对2016年9月—2019年3月期间10次典型风场辐合污染过程进行分析,探讨了风场辐合形成的原因和对污染贡献的关系.结果表明:①受地形影响,石家庄易出现近地层风向、风速辐合,均可归结为区域内输入通风量大于输出通风量,西部太行山地形的阻挡加重了其辐合程度.②风场辐合使空气中的水汽和污染物汇聚,为二次反应提供高湿条件,这种正反馈作用促发PM_2.5爆发性增长,期间ρ（PM_2.5）平均每小时可上升25 μg/m3.③石家庄近地层辐合强度系数在26以上时对污染贡献作用明显,辐合区污染强度比周边偏高1~2个等级,ρ（PM_2.5）比区域背景值偏高85%~200%.研究显示,风场辐合对重污染贡献明显,是形成局部污染物浓度偏高、PM_2.5爆发性增长的重要气象指标.      

论安全文化在企业安全生产中的地位

分析论述了企业安全文化的基本特征与功能,着重探讨了安全文化在企业安全生产工作中的地位,提出安全文化是企业安全生产的基础和保障,在企业安全生产各项工作中都有安全文化所担负的作用和享有的特殊地位,只有全方位、全过程的全员参与和响应,安全文化才能真正融合于企业的各项工作之中。     

城市冠层内流场和热力结构的数值模拟

选用基于k-ε湍流闭合方法的城市冠层流场模式,用内部建筑物实际大小和布局来表示下垫面,从动力学和热力学两方面模拟了西安市的一个城市冠层,并将模拟结果与该区域内3个高度收集的数据进行了比较.结果表明:计算得出的流场分布与观测拟合值之间有较好的一致性,该模式可以用于具有复杂下垫面的城市冠层流场的模拟.     

四湖地区涝渍地农用土地适宜性评价

分析了四湖地区土地利用现状,其宜农耕地最多,作物种类繁多,耕作制度也多样,水域面积大,可养殖面积占水域的一半以上,其养殖潜力很大;宜林、宜放牧土地少;后备土地资源较少。土地利用的主要障碍因子是水文与排水。存在的主要问题是：土地利用的产出效率低;种植业结构欠合理;掠夺式经营,土壤肥力减退,污染加重;滥占耕地现象日趋严重;过渡围湖造田导致生态恶化。同时,从气候等方面分析了四湖地区涝渍特征,又着重对现有六种主要种植制度作了简要的适宜性评价。据此,按照系统工程整体性、关联性、有序性的原则,对未来该地区农业总体发展走向、土地利用规划给予了展望。四湖地区农业总体发展走向应是：稳定发展种植业,突破性地发展水产养殖业与畜牧业、积极发展林果业,有重点地发展农副产品加工业。在土地利用规划上,应根据低丘岗地、沿江高亢平地、湖烷洼地、河湖水域等不同地形地貌分异,进行合理布局。并提出了相关对策。