Diurnal trends in coarse particulate matter composition in the Los Angeles Basin

To investigate the diurnal profile of the concentration and composition of ambient coarse particles, three sampling sites were set up in the Los Angeles Basin to collect coarse particulate matter (CPM) in four different time periods of the day (morning, midday, afternoon and overnight) in summer and winter. The samples were analyzed for total and water-soluble elements, inorganic ions and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC). In summer, highest concentrations of CPM gravimetric mass, mineral and road dust, and WSOC were observed in midday and afternoon, when the prevailing onshore wind was stronger. In general, atmospheric dilution was lower in winter, contributing to the accumulation of air pollutants during stagnation conditions. Turbulences induced by traffic become a significant particle re-suspension mechanism, particularly during winter night time, when mixing height was lowest. This is evident by the high levels of CPM mass, mineral and road dust in winter overnight at the near-freeway sites located in urban Los Angeles, and to a lesser extent in Riverside. WSOC levels were higher in summer, with a similar diurnal profile with mineral and road dust, indicating that they either share common sources, or that WSOC may be adsorbed or absorbed onto the surfaces of these dust particles. In general, the contribution of inorganic ions to CPM mass was greater in the overnight sampling period at all sampling sites, suggesting that the prevailing meteorological conditions (lower temperature and higher relative humidity) favor the formation of these ions in the coarse mode. Nitrate, the most abundant CPM-bound inorganic species in this basin, is found to be predominantly formed by reactions with sea salt particles in summer. When the sea salt concentrations were low, the reaction with mineral dust particles and the condensation of ammonium nitrate on CPM surfaces also contributes to the formation of nitrate in the coarse mode.     

炼化企业低温余热利用技术探讨＊

目前炼化企业有大量的低温余热需要回收,了解低温余热的来源、回收途径和技术,对提高低温余热利用效率十分重要。文章对炼厂低温余热的主要来源、利用途径和技术进行综合分析,提出炼厂低温余热回收利用的一些建议。     

基于LabVIEW的微震实时监测系统

基于LabVIEW软件平台,利用虚拟仪器优势,自主研发了一套用于矿山的微震实时监测系统.介绍了该系统的功能和用途.一段时间现场监测的结果表明,该系统能很好地完成微震实时监测,分析并精确定位微震事件的时间与空间.     

基于缓和原则的粉尘爆炸风险控制研究

为了将本质安全原理中的缓和原则与粉尘爆炸事故的风险控制联系起来,利用Swiek20 L球形爆炸装置考察了烟煤粉、甘薯粉和镁粉的最大爆炸压力、最大爆压上升速率和爆炸下限等特性,重点考察了点火能量、环境压力以及添加惰化剂等因素的影响。结果表明:降低点火能量能有效缩减粉尘可燃浓度范围,提高粉尘爆炸下限;爆炸危害正相关于环境压力;碳酸钙和碳酸氢钠能有效抑制烟煤尘爆炸,且碳酸钙抑爆效果更好;氯化钾对镁尘爆炸动力学特性的抑制效果更好,而碳酸钙对镁尘爆炸热力学特性的抑制效果更好,且小粒径的惰化剂表现出更好的抑爆炸能力。降低点火能量、控制环境压力和添加惰化剂均可降低粉尘爆炸危害,有助于控制粉尘爆炸风险。     

Degradation of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether by Pycnoporus sanguineus in the presence of copper ions

The degradation of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-47) by Pycnoporus sanguineus was investigated in order to explore the impact of the heavy metal Cu~(2+) on BDE-47 decomposition and the subsequent formation of metabolites, as well as to further elucidate the degradation mechanism of BDE-47. An increase in degradation rate from 18.63% to49.76% in the first four days and its stabilization at(51.26 ± 0.08)% in the following days of BDE-47 incubation were observed. The presence of Cu~(2+) at 1 and 2 mg/L was found to promote the degradation rate to 56.41% and 60.79%, respectively, whereas higher level of Cu~(2+) (≥ 5 mg/L) inhibited the removal of BDE-47. The similar concentration effects of Cu~(2+) was also found on contents of fungal protein and amounts of metabolites. Both intracellular and extracellular enzymes played certain roles in BDE-47 transportation with the best degradation rate at 27.90% and 27.67% on the fourth and third day, individually. During the degradation of BDE-47, four types of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers(OH-PBDEs), i.e., 6′-OH-BDE-47, 5′-OH-BDE-47, 4′-OH-BDE-17, 2′-OH-BDE-28, and two bromophenols, i.e., 2,4-DBP and 4-BP were detected and considered as degradation products. These metabolites were further removed by P. sanguineus at rates of 22.42%,23.01%, 27.04%, 27.96%, 64.21%, and 40.62%, respectively.     

Analysis of the influencing factors of atmospheric particulate matter accumulation on coniferous species: measurement methods,pollution level,and leaf traits

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Urban trees, especially their leaves, have the potential to capture atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and improve air quality. However, the amount...     

考虑经验结构信息的RC框架剪切层模型建立方法∗

提出一种基于经验结构信息的 RC 框架剪切层模型建立方法,用于区域 RC 框架结构的地震损失快速评估。 针对 RC 框架结构确定结构构件尺寸和材料参数等基本设计参数及其经验取值范围,通过拉丁超立方体抽样方法考虑这些参数的随机组合与参数值的不确定性,生成框架结构的随机样本;在 RC 框架整体结构层面将框架层结构随机样本转化为多自由度集中质量剪切层模型,再通过非线性动力分析得到结构地震响应数据;综合分析国内外规范对于结构损伤状态的定义与量化方法,结合地震响应数据对框架结构的地震损失进行评估。结果表明：①考虑结构设计参数经验取值建立的层结构模型,满足抗震设计规范要求,且符合实际结构特征,能够用于典型框架结构的快速建模;②在不同强度的地震激励下,框架结构模型的地震损失规律与震害经验基本一致,表明本文所提建模方法具有较高的模拟准确性。     

AB法的发展及其在三峡库区的应用前景

结合三峡库区水质，经济状况，在综合分析ＡＢ法特点的基础上，指出ＡＢ法在三峡库区有较广阔应用前景。     

徐淮平原农田防护林系统土壤水分动态

对小麦不同物候期农田防护林系统土壤含水量动态变化的测定结果表明:小麦不同物候期田间平均含水量的变化规律为幼苗期>返青期>拔节期>灌浆期,幼苗期和返青期杨树防护林对小麦的胁地影响不大,灌浆期是农田防护林与小麦争夺水分最为激烈的时期;幼龄防护林带能有效增加农田土壤含水量,对小麦生长有利,成熟林与农作物争夺水分的能力比幼龄林强,且对农作物的水分竞争主要集中在0.2倍树高范围内,造成此范围内土壤含水量明显不足。     

可持续发展的“强”与“弱”--从自然资源消耗的生态极限谈起

可持续发展的标准有强弱之分，本文对这两种可持续发展观进行了理论梳理和介绍，以模型分别指出了实现这两种性质的可持续发展必须具备的基本条件，分析表明，忽略自然资源消耗生态极限的可持续发展是一种“弱”性质的可持续发展。