大气乙醛碳同位素分析方法的研究

利用气相色谱/燃烧/同位素比值质谱(GC/C/IRMS)分析技术,采用NaHSO3与半胱胺衍生化方法,测定了气态乙醛在衍生化反应过程中的碳同位素效应,探讨了采用该方法测定大气乙醛碳同位素组成的可行性。试验测定了乙醛、衍生剂半胱胺及相应衍生物的碳同位素比值,结果表明,乙醛衍生物的δ13C测量值与理论值的偏差范围为0.11‰～0.35‰,在仪器精密度范围内(<0.50‰),即在衍生化过程中基本不会发生碳同位素分馏。采用该方法初步测定了大气中乙醛的碳同位素组成,实测数据显示,广州地化所和肇庆鼎湖山大气乙醛δ13C平均值分别为(-34.21±0.27)‰和(-31.23±0.16)‰,相同采样点的大气乙醛碳同位素组成基本不变,可见该方法可作为研究大气乙醛不同排放源的一种有效方法。     

Effects of temperature parameters on thermal-optical analysis of organic and elemental carbon in aerosol

Thermal-optical analysis (TOA) is a popular method to determine aerosol elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) collected on quartz fiber filter. However, temperature protocol adopted in TOA has great effects on OC and EC results. The purpose of this study is to investigate and quantify the effects of maximum temperature (T(max)) and residence time (RT) for each step in helium stage on ECOC measurements. Fourteen typical source samples and 20 ambient samples were collected and six temperature programs were designed for this study. It was found that EC value decreases regularly as T(max ) ascends, i.e., EC results from T(max) of 650 degrees C, 750 degrees C and 850 degrees C are 0.89 +/- 0.06, 0.76 +/- 0.10, 0.62 +/- 0.13 times EC value from T( max) of 550 degrees C, respectively, and the magnitude of EC drop (EC(d), percent) is significantly correlated with OC abundance in total carbon (R(OC/TC)), expressed as EC(d) = 66.8R(OC/TC)-14.4 (r = 0.87); pyrolized OC(POC) values are also sensitive to T(max), but there are various trends for samples with different OC constituents. On average of the samples studied here, prolonged RT reduces EC values by only 3%, almost negligible compared to the effect of T(max), and reduces POC by 9%, much less than that by previous report.     

三峡水库干流氮和磷含量的季节变化

三峡水库成库后对6个水平断面、4个垂直断面采样分析,对水体水质参数、不同化学形态N以及不同物理形态P的水平分布和垂直分布进行了研究。研究结果表明,成库后TP、NH3-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、IN含量范围分别在0.06～0.34、0.01～0.72、0.002～0.100、0.76～2.09、0.855～2.52 mg/L。TP分布为丰水期>平水期>枯水期,受悬浮物沉降的影响,TP在水库区域含量低于上游区。枯水期、平水期水体中TP以可溶解态为主,丰水期以颗粒态为主。NO2--N、NO3--N、IN含量均为平水期>枯水期>丰水期。水体中IN以NO3--N为主,占IN70%～90%。NO2--N比例最低,占IN3.5%以下。表明水体虽受成库影响流速减缓,但水体依然有较强的自净能力。垂直分布上,TP、IN在3个层次变化不显著,未出现分层现象。各采样站点TP、NO3--N、IN通量和流量有显著相关。     

Seasonal variation in the acute effects of ozone on premature mortality among elderly Japanese

We conducted a multicity time-series study using monitoring data to assess seasonal patterns of short-term ozone–mortality association among elderly aged 65 years and over in Japan. Daily exposure to ambient ozone was computed using hourly measurements of photochemical oxidants available at multiple monitoring stations in each city. Effects of ozone on daily all-cause non-accidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality were estimated using distributed lag linear models, controlling for confounding by temporal, day of the week, temperature, and flu epidemics. City-level effect estimates were combined using inverse variance meta-analysis. In spring and autumn, a 10-ppbv increase of daily maximum 8-h average ozone concentration in the previous 3 days was associated with 0.69 % (95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.27–1.10), 1.07 % (0.34–1.82), and 1.77 % (0.78–2.77) increases in daily all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, respectively. Forward displacement of respiratory mortality was large during the cold season despite lower ozone concentration. Results were generally independent of fine particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide. Findings suggest significant mortality effects of short-term ozone exposure among the elderly during the moderate season. Those with underlying respiratory diseases were susceptible, even during winter.     

2013年6月江苏一次大气污染过程分析

研究了2013年6月在江苏范围内的一次污染天气过程。6月10—22日期间,江苏省13个省辖城市均出现不同程度的轻度污染以上天气,个别城市甚至达到重度或严重污染,根据后向轨迹模型、颗粒物离子浓度的分析可见,这是一次局地秸秆焚烧所引起,加之不利的气象条件所形成的区域污染过程,根据监测结果详细阐述此次污染的变化特征及成因机制,并分析提出相应的对策及建议。     

基于Landsat 8卫星OLI影像遥感反演盐城市区域大气能见度状况

利用遥感软件ENVI 5.2的FLAASH大气校正模块,对盐城市2013—2014年共22景Landsat 8卫星OLI影像进行了区域大气能见度遥感反演,并与盐城市环境监测中心站的空气自动监测子站的PM10、PM2.5以及当地气象部门的能见度观测数据进行了对比。结果表明,OLI遥感影像可以对区域尺度大气能见度进行有效的观测,反演的区域性大气能见度水平与地面空气质量自动监测结果存在消长关系,与地面能见度数据有近70%的一致性。     

便携式非分散红外烟气仪在高湿低硫锅炉烟气监测中的干扰和对策

简述了便携式非分散红外烟气分析仪在高湿低硫锅炉烟气监测中,存在采样流量、现场温度以及预处理装置反吹等方面的干扰因素。提出了在锅炉烟气监测中可采取控制采样流量、延长仪器预热时间、反吹预处理装置等措施,消除干扰,保证烟气监测的稳定准确。     

能见度仪检测实验室建设的探讨

对能见度仪检测实验室建设进行了探讨。简述了能见度仪检测实验室的技术特性;从能见度仪标准器建设、环境模拟和检测方法 3方面进行了讨论;提出了在能见度环境模拟试验方舱内实现气象光学视程3 km以下能见度仪检测的方案。     

Detecting the spatial differentiation in settlement change rates during rapid urbanization in the Nanjing metropolitan region, China

Urbanization produced significant landscape changes throughout the world. China has been experiencing accelerated urbanization during the past decades. Rapid land use/land over conversion occurred nationwide in urbanization, manifesting noteworthy characteristics of landscape dynamics. In this study, we investigated the spatial differentiation in settlement change rates among 1-km² land units in the Nanjing metropolitan region, a representative rapidly urbanizing region in China. Remotely sensed detection using Landsat TM data of 1988–2006 showed that settlement increase, termed as positive growth (PG), was predominant in the study area; while settlement decrease, termed as negative growth (NG), also had a considerable proportion, which was mainly attributed to the increase of green lands and the shrink of rural settlements. Along the urban-rural gradient, PG and NG showed similar mono-peaked patterns. The urban fringe zone with a consistent width of about 4 km was identified as the hot zone of both PG and NG over the three unequal periods. For both PG and NG, high-rated changes tended to exhibit more aggregative patterns along the gradient in the urban fringe zone. Settlement changes showed apparent anisotropy across directions. The directional distribution of PG was significantly negatively correlated to the topographic variables, suggesting that the mountains constrained urban expansion in an “area-weighted inverse-distance power” form. Significant correlation between PG and NG in a time-lagged manner showed the “increase–decrease” fluctuation occurred in settlement changes, reflecting the “urban expansion–land reconfiguration” process in rapid urbanization in Nanjing.