pH值调控柠檬酸污泥厌氧发酵产酸及碳源潜力研究

以柠檬酸废水厌氧颗粒污泥为接种物,在不同pH值调控条件下开展柠檬酸生产废水剩余活性污泥厌氧发酵产酸研究.通过对发酵液挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)、有机质、氮磷和污泥脱水性能的分析,探讨了柠檬酸污泥厌氧产酸机制.结果表明,pH≥10的碱性条件更有利于有机质的溶出从而促进VFAs的产生.三维荧光光谱分析发现在恒定pH值下腐殖酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)会大量溶出降低VFAs的产量.初始pH=10是柠檬酸污泥厌氧产酸的最佳p H值,发酵4d的VFAs浓度最高达(6681.47±126.82)mgCOD/L,是文献报道中市政污泥产酸量的近2倍,其中乙酸占比49.8%,发酵后产酸功能菌Chloroflexi、Bacteroidota的相对丰度分别由初始的9.52%、10.87%增至16.84%、14.39%,污泥归一化毛细吸水时间(nCST)为(11.34±0.27)s·L/g,脱水性能良好,发酵液TP浓度为(20.45±0.33) mg/L.研究表明,利用柠檬酸剩余活性污泥碱性厌氧发酵产酸作为污水处理过程中的外加碳源具有较大潜力.     

pH值、硫酸根和温度对钢管管垢中铬释放的影响

以市政供水管网钢管管垢为研究对象,将垢层由外向内分为表层、硬壳层和疏松多孔层.利用SEM、BET、XRD、XPS和分形态提取等技术对预吸附Cr(Ⅵ)前后的各层管垢进行表征和分析,并探究了pH值、SO₄^2-浓度和温度对各层管垢中Cr释放的影响.结果显示,钢管各层管垢的主要成分均为α-FeOOH,吸附性能排序为表层>疏松多孔层>硬壳层,管垢中铁元素大多以三价和二价形式存在,具有一定还原性.Cr(Ⅵ)通过物理和化学吸附富集于管垢,主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,表层管垢富集量最大.酸性环境、SO₄^2-浓度和温度的升高均会促进Cr的释放.强酸性条件下表层Cr释放浓度为中性条件下的2.76倍;SO₄^2-浓度增加使各层管垢的Cr释放量增加0.1～0.4倍;温度升高20℃,表层管垢的Cr释放量增加26.74%.     

磷酸三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)酯导致小鼠神经毒性结局的潜在靶点研究

磷酸三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)酯(TDCPP)在环境介质及生物样本中被广泛检出,为探究TDCPP的潜在神经毒性以及作用机制,以C57BL/6小鼠为动物模型,考察经300 mg·kg-1·d-1的TDCPP持续染毒35 d后,小鼠大脑皮层神经功能相关因子及血清代谢组学的变化.结果显示,小鼠在TDCPP染毒35 d后,大...     

压气机叶片用耐冲刷防腐有机涂层的制备及性能研究

目的 提高压气机叶片有机涂层的耐冲刷和防腐性能.方法 以氨基改性环氧树脂为粘接剂,通过加入高硬度Al2O3填料以及其他着色、防锈颜料,并充分分散,制备一种具有耐冲刷防腐功能的有机涂层.通过摆杆硬度测试、磨耗测试、冲刷测试、腐蚀测试及其他力学性能测试,对耐冲刷防腐有机涂层的综合性能进行评价,对比高硬度Al2O3填料含量对...     

Aldehyde and Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixing Ratios at an Urban Site in Las Vegas,Nevada

ABSTRACT

Linhong Jing completed a master's degree in chemistry at UNLV and is currently enrolled in the Ph.D. program at Purdue University. Her address is Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. Dr. Spencer Steinberg is an associate professor of chemistry at UNLV. His address is UNLV Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003. Dr. Brian Johnson is an associate professor of chemistry at UNLV. His address is UNLV Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003.

Oxidation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in air, of significance due to, for example, the potential for O₃ formation, is believed to be initiated by OH attack on the ring (addition) or on the alkyl side chain (H abstraction). A series of ring-breaking reactions follows, with major products predicted to be a-dicarbonyls, simple aldehydes, and organic acids. To test this prediction, ambient air mixing ratios of aldehydes (formaldehyde, ac-etaldehyde, benzaldehyde, glyoxal, and pyruvaldehyde), along with some supporting BTEX data, were measured at an urban site in Las Vegas, NV. Samples were collected on sorbents and determined by chromatographic methods; mixing ratios were compared to ambient levels of CO, O₃, and NO_x. A meteorological analysis (temperature, wind speed, and wind direction) was also included. Statistically significant relationships were noted among the BTEX hydrocarbons (HCs) and among the photochemi-cally derived species (e.g., O₃, NO₂, and some of the aldehydes), although there was seasonal variation. The observations are consistent with a common primary source (i.e., vehicular exhaust or fuel evaporation) for the BTEX compounds and a common secondary source (e.g., OH attack) for glyoxal and pyruvaldehyde.     

气候试验箱内部条件不确定度计算(下)

提供了对温度和湿度气候试验箱内部环境条件进行不确定度分析的方法。首先介绍了测量的不确定度概念,然后讨论容差的意义。考虑到湿度和温度测量是采用确定和合成不确定度。结合校准空载试验箱和有负载试验箱的条件测量的案例。最后,逐条整理成为范本用于分析结果以给出规范的不确定度评估依据。     

The drivers of risk to water security in Shanghai

Big cities are often said to have big water problems, and Shanghai is no exception. In this paper, we examine and compare the influence of the major factors that give rise to the risk of water insecurity in Shanghai. There is an extensive and diverse literature on these issues, dealt with in isolation, and here, we provide a synthesis of the literature, together with our own assessments and calculations, to assess what are the risks to Shanghai’s water supply and what is our degree of confidence in this assessment. We describe the systems that supply water to the city, and past and future changes in the systems, including changes in the glaciers that supply some water to the river, changes in climate, changes in land use, the construction of dams, and water diversions. We show how, at the same time as Shanghai is increasing its dependence on the Yangtze river, water diversions and sea level rise are increasing the risk that this water will be too saline to consume at certain times of the year. This analysis suggests that most of the major drivers of the risk to water security in Shanghai are within the power of environmental managers to control.     

新疆乡镇企业经济与生态环境保护协调发展战略的探讨（二）

文中论述了新疆地区乡镇企业发展与生态环境有关的产业结构特点和分布,分地区、分行业计算了乡镇工业1985—1988年的“三废”污染和生态破坏状况,并对1995年和2000年“三废”污染控制数量及生态—经济规划指标作了综合评述。提出了新疆乡镇企业经济与生态环境保护协调发展战略的主要对策和建议。     

A WATER QUALITY‐BASED APPROACH FOR WATERSHED WIDE BMP STRATEGIES1

ABSTRACT: Watershed management strategies generally involve controlling nonpoint source pollution by implementing various best management practices (BMPs). Currently, stormwater management programs in most states use a performance‐based approach to implement onsite BMPs. This approach fails to link the onsite BMP performance directly to receiving water quality benefits, and it does not take into account the combined treatment effects of all the stormwater management practices within a watershed. To address these issues, this paper proposes a water quality‐based BMP planning approach for effective nonpoint source pollution control at a watershed scale. A coupled modeling system consisting of a watershed model (HSPF) and a receiving water quality model (CE‐QUAL‐W2) was developed to establish the linkage between BMP performance and receiving water quality targets. A Monte Carlo simulation approach was utilized to develop alternative BMP strategies at a watershed level. The developed methodology was applied to the Swift Creek Reservoir watershed in Virginia, and the results show that the proposed approach allows for the development of BMP strategies that lead to full compliance with water quality requirements.     

磷对环境的污染及防治对策

我国水体富营养化严重，其主要控制因子是磷。在分析磷污染的污染状况，污染源的基础上，介绍了防治对策，采用低磷循环冷却水处理剂，减少磷排放，是防止工业磷污染的有效方法。