Studies on catalytic reduction of nitrate in groundwater

Catalytic reduction of nitrate in groundwater by sodium formate over the catalyst was investigated. Pd-Cu/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst was prepared by impregnation and characterized by brunauer-emmett-teller (BET), inductive coupled plasma (ICP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). It was found that total nitrogen was effectively removed from the nitrate solution (100 mg/L) and the removal efficiency was 87%. The catalytic activity was affected by pH, catalyst amount used, concentration of sodium formate, and initial concentration of nitrate. As sodium formate was used as reductant, precise control in the initial pH was needed. Excessively high or low initial pH (7.0 or 3.0) reduced catalytic activity. At initial pH of 4.5, catalytic activity was enhanced by reducing the amount of catalyst, while concentrations of sodium formate increased with a considerable decrease in N₂ selectivity. In which case, catalytic reduction followed the first order kinetics.     

Advances in emission control of diesel vehicles in China

Diesel vehicles have caused serious environmental problems in China. Hence, the Chinese government has launched serious actions against air pollution and imposed more stringent regulations on diesel vehicle emissions in the latest China VI standard. To fulfill this stringent legislation, two major technical routes, including the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and high-efficiency selective catalytic reduction (SCR) routes, have been developed for diesel engines. Moreover, complicated aftertreatment technologies have also been developed, including use of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) for controlling carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, diesel particulate filter (DPF) for particle mass (PM) emission control, SCR for the control of NOx emission, and an ammonia slip catalyst (ASC) for the control of unreacted NH₃. Due to the stringent requirements of the China VI standard, the aftertreatment system needs to be more deeply integrated with the engine system. In the future, aftertreatment technologies will need further upgrades to fulfill the requirements of the near-zero emission target for diesel vehicles.     

Recent advances and perspectives towards emission inventories of mobile sources: Compilation approaches, data acquisition methods, and case studies

In recent years, great efforts have been devoted to reducing emissions from mobile sources with the dramatic growth of motor vehicle and nonroad mobile source populations. Compilation of a mobile source emission inventory is conducive to the analysis of pollution emission characteristics and the formulation of emission reduction policies. This study summarizes the latest compilation approaches and data acquisition methods for mobile source emission inventories. For motor vehicles, a high-resolution emission inventory can be developed based on a bottom-up approach with a refined traffic flow model and real-world speed-coupled emission factors. The top-down approach has advantages when dealing with macroscale vehicle emission estimation without substantial traffic flow infrastructure. For nonroad mobile sources, nonroad machinery, inland river ships, locomotives, and civil aviation aircraft, a top-down approach based on fuel consumption or power is adopted. For ocean-going ships, a bottom-up approach based on automatic identification system (AIS) data is adopted. Three typical cases are studied, including emission reduction potential, a cost-benefit model, and marine shipping emission control. Outlooks and suggestions are given on future research directions for emission inventories for mobile sources: building localized emission models and factor databases, improving the dynamic updating capability of emission inventories, establishing a database of emission factors of unconventional pollutants and greenhouse gas from mobile sources, and establishing an urban high temporal-spatial resolution volatile organic compound (VOC) evaporation emission inventory.     

山地平原过渡带耕地土壤重金属空间特征及潜在生态风险因素探析

为探讨典型山地平原过渡带地区耕地土壤重金属空间分布特征及其潜在生态风险因素.本文以拥有成都平原-龙门山脉过渡带这一典型过渡地形的四川省某县域为研究区,采用地统计法和潜在生态风险指数法分析研究区耕地土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的空间分布情况并进行潜在生态风险评价,结合地理探测器进一步发掘导致其潜在生态风险空间差异的主...     

除草剂三氟羧草醚经口暴露对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目前,有关三氟羧草醚(Acifluorfen,AF)的神经毒性未见报道且亟待确定.为探讨AF经口暴露对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响及其可能机制,将30只雄性昆明小鼠随机分成生理盐水对照组、0.13、1.3、13和130 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) AF染毒组共5组,灌胃染毒14 d,进行Morris水迷宫实验,观察脑海马病理切片,并检测脑组织中活性氧(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、磷酸化cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(pCREB)和脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)含量.结果显示,与对照组相比,AF染毒剂量分别为13和130 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)时,小鼠行为学上学习记忆能力下降;海马细胞排列松散;出现氧化损伤,其中,ROS含量显著升高(p0.05),GSH含量显著减少(p0.05);神经保护能力减弱,其中,pCREB和BDNF水平显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)下降.结果表明,AF能够导致小鼠学习记忆能力下降,氧化应激和CREB-BDNF通路级联下调可能是AF造成神经毒性的机制之一.     

纳米Al2O3经气道滴注致小鼠脏器损伤和炎症反应的研究

为探讨纳米氧化铝(nAl_2O_3)气道滴注对小鼠脏器的毒性作用,本研究将Balb/c小鼠随机分成6组:生理盐水组、50 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) Vit E(维生素E)组、0.5 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) nAl_2O_3组、5 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) nAl_2O_3组、50 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) nAl_2O_3组、nAl_2O_3 50+Vit E组(50 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) nAl_2O_3+50 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)Vit E).实验周期为21 d,气道滴注暴露,隔天滴注,维生素E灌胃阻断.染毒结束后,检测肺部、脾脏、肝脏和肾脏中活性氧(Reactive Oxide Species,ROS)和还原型谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)含量,并进行肺部病理学观察和肺泡灌洗液细胞计数.结果表明:与对照组相比,nAl_2O_3剂量为0.5 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)时,小鼠肺部ROS含量增加(p0.05),肝脏GSH含量下降(p0.05);nAl_2O_3剂量为5和50 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)时,小鼠肺部、脾脏、肝脏和肾脏ROS含量均显著增加(p0.05),肺部和肝脏GSH含量均显著下降(p0.05);且小鼠肺部出现支气管壁增厚、气道腔皱缩、组织纤维化等气道重塑和嗜酸性粒细胞等炎症细胞浸润现象.而抗氧化剂维生素E的阻断显著降低了肝脏ROS含量,有效恢复了肺部GSH活性(p0.01),且缓解了肺部气道重塑和炎症细胞浸润现象(p0.05).研究表明,nAl_2O_3经气道滴注染毒后,不仅会对小鼠肺部造成损伤和炎症反应,同时也能够对脾脏、肝脏和肾脏造成氧化损伤.本研究可为纳米材料的安全性应用及其潜在危害的预防提供科学依据.     

石化企业电力电缆振荡波局部放电检测技术探讨

针对石化企业电力电缆故障率较高的现状,探索了电缆振荡波局部放电检测及故障定位的原理,通过搭建500 m的10 kV高压电缆实验平台,分别开展典型绝缘缺陷的串联谐振、振荡波对比实验研究,并尝试了振荡波局部放电检测方法在企业现场的应用。通过电力电缆振荡波与串联谐振的对比实验发现,在检测电缆绝缘缺陷时二者具有一定的等效性,可以通过局部放电量的大小和变化趋势来综合判定电缆绝缘缺陷的劣化程度,且振荡波检测技术具有测试时间短、设备便携、可准确定位缺陷位置、不会对电缆造成损伤等技术优势,在石化企业具有良好的应用前景。     

Removal characteristics of microplastics by Fe-based coagulants during drinking water treatment

Microplastics have caused great concern worldwide recently due to their ubiquitous presence within the marine environment. Up to now, most attention has been paid to their sources, distributions, measurement methods, and especially their eco-toxicological effects. With microplastics being increasingly detected in freshwater, it is urgently necessary to evaluate their behaviors during coagulation and ultrafiltration (UF) processes. Herein, the removal behavior of polyethylene (PE), which is easily suspended in water and is the main component of microplastics, was investigated with commonly used Fe-based salts. Results showed that although higher removal efficiency was induced for smaller PE particles, low PE removal efficiency (below 15%) was observed using the traditional coagulation process, and was little influenced by water characteristics. In comparison to solution pH, PAM addition played a more important role in increasing the removal efficiency, especially anionic PAM at high dosage (with efficiency up to 90.9%). The main reason was ascribed to the dense floc formation and high adsorption ability because of the positively charged Fe-based flocs under neutral conditions. For ultrafiltration, although PE particles could be completely rejected, slight membrane fouling was caused owing to their large particle size. The membrane flux decreased after coagulation; however, the membrane fouling was less severe than that induced by flocs alone due to the heterogeneous nature of the cake layer caused by PE, even at high dosages of Fe-based salts. Based on the behavior exhibited during coagulation and ultrafiltration, we believe these findings will have potential application in drinking water treatment.     

河流底泥潜在硝化速率模型研究

为深入认识河流NH₄+-N的转化降解过程,以生物量、温度和c（NH₄+-N）这3项因子为对象,开展河流底泥潜在硝化速率模型研究.采集典型污染河流底泥样品,设置3个生物量梯度（高、中、低）、5个c（NH₄+-N）梯度（0.13、0.63、1.13、2.13、4.13 mmol/L）、4个温度梯度（15、20、30、40℃）,测定不同条件下河流底泥潜在硝化速率,并进一步构建了潜在硝化速率模型,定量分析了生物量、温度和c（NH₄+-N）对潜在硝化速率的影响.结果表明:①生物量对底泥的潜在硝化速率有显著影响,高、中、低生物量条件下,河流底泥潜在硝化速率范围分别为0.10~0.26、0.03~0.16和0.02~0.07 μmol/h.②底泥潜在硝化速率随温度呈现指数增长,但高温具有抑制作用,各温度梯度下k（硝化速率常数）分别为5.9、9.3、18.1、10.6 μmol/（g·h）,15~30℃范围内θ（温度校正系数）为1.074.③c（NH₄+-N）对潜在硝化速率的限制作用符合Monod方程,高、中、低生物量条件下K_s（半饱和浓度）的平均值分别为0.02、0.05、0.13 mmol/L.研究显示,潜在硝化速率模型较好反映了生物量、温度和c（NH₄+-N）对河流底泥潜在硝化速率的影响,为定量认识底泥硝化能力提供了有效手段.      

再生水中阴离子表面活性剂对土壤结构与水流运动的影响

为揭示再生水回灌农田所引入的阴离子表面活性剂对土壤结构性质与水流运动特征的影响,通过室内灌水入渗试验研究了再生水中阴离子表面活性剂浓度（0、0.001、0.01和0.1倍临界胶束浓度）、灌水频率（1d1次、2d1次、3d1次）、再生水-清水交替灌溉模式（纯再生水灌溉、再生水-清水交替灌溉）条件下受灌土壤容重、非毛管孔隙比、团聚体稳定性、土壤斥水性、地表入渗性能和入渗水流运动非均匀特征的变化规律.结果表明,随着再生水中的阴离子表面活性剂浓度的增大和灌溉频率的增大,受灌土壤容重减小、非毛管孔隙比和土壤团聚体稳定性增大、土壤斥水性增强、地表入渗能力降低、优先流运动非均匀程度增大,从而也增大了农田灌水管理难度;当再生水-清水交替灌溉中的清水淋洗频率增大时,受灌土壤容重增大、非毛管孔隙比和土壤团聚体稳定性降低,但却降低了土壤的斥水性、增大了地表入渗能力并降低了土壤优先流运动的非均匀程度,有利于节省灌水时间、提高灌水效率.