Characteristics of chemical components in PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> at a plateau city,South-west China

A sampling campaign including summer, autumn and winter of 2014 and spring of 2015 was accomplished to obtain the characteristic of chemical components in PM_2.5 at three sites of Kunming, a plateau city in South-west China. Nine kinds of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSI), organic and element carbon (OC and EC) in PM_2.5 were analyzed by ion chromatography and thermal optical reflectance method, respectively. Results showed that the average concentrations of total WSI, OC and EC were 22.85±10.95 µg·m^-3, 17.83±9.57 µg·m^-3 and 5.11±4.29 µg·m^-3, respectively. They totally accounted for 53.0% of PM_2.5. Secondary organic and inorganic aerosols (SOA and SIA) were also assessed by the minimum ratio of OC/EC, nitrogen and sulfur oxidation ratios. The annual average concentrations of SOA and SIA totally accounted for 28.3% of the PM_2.5 concentration. The low proportion suggested the primary emission was the main source of PM_2.5 in Kunming. However, secondary pollution in the plateau city should also not be ignorable, due to the appropriate temperature and strong solar radiation, which can promote the atmospheric photochemical reactions.

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福建山美水库表层沉积物不同形态硅分布特征及其环境意义

采用Tessier连续提取法研究了亚热带典型山区深水水库-福建泉州山美水库沉积物中不同形态硅(可交换离子态硅[IEF-Si]、碳酸盐结合态硅[CF-Si]、铁锰氧化物结合态硅[IMOF-Si]和有机硫化态硅[OSF-Si])的时空分布特征及其环境意义.结果表明,山美水库平水期、丰水期、枯水期表层沉积物中不同形态硅总含量分别为3043.50~4414.24,2711.17~3676.89,3198.44~4444.28mg/kg,平水期>枯水期>丰水期;其空间分布特征为:库尾区>水库中部区>近坝区>入库区.该水库中IEF-Si和CF-Si相对含量少,活性大.虽然可交换态硅的含量较少,其释放潜能有可能对水生生态系统营养状况及初级生产产生影响;CF-Si对环境因子尤其是pH值特别敏感;IMOF-Si和 OSF-Si相对含量高,IMOF-Si可能是山美水库硅补充的最主要途径;而OSF-Si是比较稳定形态的硅,其分布规律与受不同时期沉积下来的沉积物类型和环境影响有关.平水期、丰水期CF-Si与IMOF-Si呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05,r=0.728;P<0.05,r=0.672),丰水期、枯水期IMOF-Si与OSF-Si均呈显著正相关关系(P =0.05,r=0.757; P <0.01,r=0.832).     

不同品质燃油对公交车道路颗粒排放特征的影响

以国Ⅳ排放柴油公交车为样车,研究了3种燃油公交车的颗粒数量排放特性. 3种燃油分别为纯柴油、B20燃油〔V(生物柴油)∶V(纯柴油)=2∶8〕和G20燃油〔V(天然气制油)∶V(纯柴油)=2∶8〕. 结果表明:公交车燃用3种燃油的排气颗粒数量随粒径变化均呈双峰对数分布,其中核态颗粒数量峰值粒径均为10.8 nm;聚集态颗粒数量峰值粒径则因燃料差异而不同,其中纯柴油、B20燃油和G20燃油分别为80.6、69.8和60.4 nm. 对于不同类型道路,在公交车燃用纯柴油时,其快速路下的排气颗粒数量(7.35×1015 km-1)最低,分别比主干道和次干道低47.7%和55.1%. 对于不同品质燃油而言,在全程测试线路内,燃用G20燃油的公交车排气颗粒总数量(6.92×1015 km-1)最低,较纯柴油和B20燃油分别降低了42.5%和32.4%. 其中,G20燃油排气中核态颗粒数量为1.81×1015 km-1,较纯柴油和B20燃油分别降低了3.1%和15.4%,而聚集态颗粒数量则分别降低了49.7%和37.0%. 表明公交车燃用天然气制油可有效降低颗粒排放.      

浙江省水源地水库浮游动物食性功能群特征及水质响应

为探明浙江省水源地水库浮游动物食性功能群特征及其与水体综合营养状态指数(TLIc)的关系,达到用浮游动物食性功能群参数监测水源地水库水质的目的,于2014年1月—2018年10月对浙江省8座饮用水水源地水库(K1～K8)开展了水质参数及浮游动物食性功能群丰度、生物量、物种多样性指数季节性调查.采用多元逐步回归与通径分析...     

Soil bacterial community characteristics of rice-rice-rape crop rotation北大核心CSCD

To investigate the characteristic changes in soil bacterial community under rice-rice-rape rotation in southern China, soil samples from a 30-year crop rotation and continuous cropping system were collected. Clone library and gene sequence analysis were adopted. The PCR amplification was carried out using universal primers of the 16S rDNA gene. The amplified fragments were then used to construct a clone library. The subclones were sequenced and analyzed. The experimental analysis showed that, in July 2015, and October and April 2016, the Shannon Wiener index and richness index of bacteria from the rotation treatment soils were higher than those of the continuous cropping treatment soil. The soil bacterial diversity of the rotation treatment was higher than that of the continuous cropping treatment. The results of BLAST analysis in the GenBank showed that Proteobacteria accounted 55% of total bacteria in the rotation treatment soil, whereas it accounted for 45% of total bacteria in continuous cropping treatment soil. Gemmatimonadetes accounted for 13% of the total bacteria in rotation treatment and 10% in the continuous cropping treatment. The proportion of Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, and Planctomycetes in rotation soil was less than those in the continuous cropping soil. Proteobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes were the dominant flora in soil. The changes in the predominant bacteria affected the diversity of soil bacteria in rotation and continuous cropping. The sequence analysis showed that the dominant bacteria in the soil were Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria, which higher than those in the rice-rice continuous cropping treatment. The sequences similar to Chloroflexi were observed in the rice-rice-rape rotation soils, but not in the continuous cropping soils. The results showed that the soil microbial population is conducted by agricultural tillage, and rice-rice-rape rotation increased the soil bacterial abundance compared with that of the rice-rice continuous treatment. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Characteristics of N2O emission from Medicago sativa stands and its response to nitrogen fertilizers in the Longdong dryland Plateau北大核心CSCD

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the potent greenhouse gases (GHG) that depletes the stratospheric ozone. Nitrogen fertilizers are considered to be a major source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from arable soils. To investigate the characteristics of N2O emission, its influencing factors, and its response to nitrogen application in dry grassland in the Loess Plateau, one of the most intensively used agricultural regions in China, we conducted a field trial with two treatments including N0 (0 kg hm-2) and N150 (150 kg hm-2) at the Qingyang Loess Plateau grassland agricultural research station of Lanzhou University. An LGR-N2O/CO gas analyzer was used to monitor the emissions. The results showed that the N2O fluxes of the N0 and N150 treatments during the monitoring period were -0.0036 and 0.0118 mg m-2 h-1, respectively; the flux in case of the N150 treatment was significantly higher than that for the N0 treatment. The N2O emission flux has a distinct diurnal variation characteristic, which first showed the trend of decreasing and then increasing. Regression analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between the N2O flux and the surface soil water content at a depth of 10 cm. The N2O emission flux increased by 131.3%, compared with that during the non-precipitation days. At the same time, the N2O emission flux showed a trend of decreasing with the increase of the surface soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm. The daily emission characteristics indicated that there may be a significant underestimation of the N2O flux at the daily or longer time-scale, based on the N2O flux value measured at 9:00-11:00. In summary, the N2O emissions from the sown alfalfa grassland of the eastern Gansu are strongly affected by precipitation and nitrogen application and have obvious daily dynamic characteristics. It is recommended that the accuracy and representativeness of N2O emission flux data be enhanced by continuous dynamic measurement using the instrument. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

ZnO纳米粒子通过线粒体通路抑制小鼠光感受器细胞Na~+/K~+-ATP酶表达和活性的作用研究

氧化锌(ZnO)纳米粒子已被发现具有生物毒性,氧化应激被认为是最重要的因素之一。前期实验证实,ZnO纳米粒子能显著减少锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn SOD)蛋白的表达,降低Mn SOD活性。本文通过检测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放、线粒体活性氧(ROS)水平和膜电位(Δφm)、延迟整流钾电流变化和Na~+/K~+-ATP酶的表达及活性等变化,检测ZnO纳米粒子对小鼠光感受器细胞的细胞毒作用。结果表明,ZnO纳米粒子可显著增强小鼠光感受器细胞中LDH的释放、增加线粒体内ROS水平并下调Δφm、阻断延迟整流钾电流,同时降低Na~+/K~+-ATP酶的表达及活性,从而对小鼠视网膜光感受器细胞产生细胞毒作用,提示ZnO纳米粒子可通过线粒体通路引起氧化应激,从而抑制小鼠光感受器细胞Na~+/K~+-ATP酶表达和活性,产生细胞毒性,导致细胞死亡。本文的研究结果有助于理解ZnO纳米粒子引起细胞毒性的作用机理。     

Degradation of Azo dye direct black BN based on adsorption and microwave-induced catalytic reaction

The novel microwave catalyst MgFe₂O₄-SiC was synthesized via sol-gel method, to remove azo dye Direct Black BN (DB BN) through adsorption and microwave-induced catalytic reaction. Microwave-induced catalytic degradation of DB BN, including adsorption behavior and its influencing factors of DB BN on MgFe₂O₄-SiC were investigated. According to the obtained results, it indicated that the pseudo-second-order kinetics model was suitable for the adsorption of DB BN onto MgFe₂O₄-SiC. Besides, the consequence of adsorption isotherm depicted that the adsorption of DB BN was in accordance with the Langmuir isotherm, which verified that the singer layer adsorption of MgFe₂O₄-SiC was dominant than the multi-layer one. The excellent adsorption capacities of MgFe₂O₄-SiC were kept in the range of initial pH from 3 to 7. In addition, it could be concluded that the degradation rate of DB BN decreased over ten percent after the adsorption equilibrium had been attained, and the results from the result of comparative experiments manifested that the adsorption process was not conducive to the process of microwave-induced catalytic degradation. The degradation intermediates and products of DB BN were identified and determined by GC-MS and LC-MS. Furthermore, combined with the catalytic mechanism of MgFe₂O₄-SiC, the proposed degradation pathways of DB BN were the involution of microwave-induced $OH and holes in this catalytic system the breakage of azo bond, hydroxyl substitution, hydroxyl addition, nitration reaction, deamination reaction, desorbate reaction, dehydroxy group and ring-opening reaction.

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唐山某焦化厂污染区地表水PAHs污染特征及风险评价

焦化行业产生的环境污染问题一直倍受关注,尤其是在中国唐山等焦化企业聚集地.为探讨唐山地区焦化厂周围地表水中多环芳烃（Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs）的污染特征并对其进行风险评价,选取该地区某典型焦化厂,通过对其周围水样的采集与检测,解析了该焦化厂周边地表水中PAHs的组成特征、生态风险商值及（非）致癌风险指数,并对模型参数进行了敏感性分析.结果显示,区域内地表水体中∑₁₆PAHs平均含量为0.757 μg·L^-1,以低分子量蒽（Anthracene,Ant）和高分子量荧蒽（Fluoranthene,Flt）为主,其中,Ant为距离焦化厂较远水体的特征污染物,而焦化厂内部及外围水体则以Flt为特征污染物.生态风险评价表明,∑PAHs在研究区大部分地表水中存在较高生态风险.健康风险评价表明,整体上女性承受的（非）致癌风险高于男性;皮肤暴露产生了一定的（非）致癌风险,且其非致癌风险指数呈现出随年龄增加而上升的趋势.敏感性分析显示,体重、暴露频率、每日饮用水摄入量等参数在模型中对各个暴露途径均有较高影响,需要在风险评价中加强关注.该研究有利于推动对焦化场地地表水PAHs污染的治理与防控,也为进一步探索焦化场地PAHs污染和迁移特征提供了理论基础.     

基于鱼类生物完整性指数的拒马河北京段河流健康评价

拒马河是北京周边具有独特生物多样性的河流,目前面临很多水生态环境问题.鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI)是评价河流生态健康的重要方法.本研究于2018年5月和10月,在拒马河北京段设置9个采样点,利用地笼和刺网进行调查,共获得鱼类样本2001尾,隶属于4目9科.根据采样情况,初步设置了5大类21个初选指标,经过对指标完整性、相关性和取值范围分析,筛选得出6个评价指标:鱼类总物种数(M1)、鲤科占总种数的百分比(M3)、中上层鱼种类数百分比(M9)、杂食性鱼类种类数百分比(M13)、产粘性卵鱼类种类数百分比(M19)和鱼类总个体数(M20),构建了适用于拒马河的F-IBI指标体系,运用该体系对拒马河北京段的河流健康状况进行了评价,并将F-IBI与几个主要水环境参数和拦河坝相关数据进行了相关性分析.研究结果表明,拒马河北京段河流健康整体处于较差水平,F-IBI与水质理化因子无显著相关性,与参数"采样点与上游最近拦河坝的距离"呈显著相关.结果表明,拒马河北京段河流健康指数的关键影响因素不是水质理化因子,可能与拦河坝导致的河流片段化有关.