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排序方式: 共有316条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
191.
Eben D. Thoma Cary Secrest Eric S. Hall Donna Lee Jones Richard C. Shores Mark Modrak Ram Hashmonay Phil Norwood 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(3):753-757
This technical note describes a United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) measurement project to determine elemental mercury (Hg0) emissions from a mercury cell chlor-alkali (MCCA) facility in the southeastern U.S. during a 53-day monitoring campaign in the fall of 2006. The optical remote sensing (ORS) area source measurement method EPA OTM 10 was used to provide Hg0 flux data for the site. These results are reported and compared with cell room roof-vent monitoring data acquired by the facility for similar time periods. The 24-h extrapolated mercury emission rate estimates determined by the two monitoring approaches are shown to be similar with overall averages in the 400 g day?1 range with maximum values around 1200 g day?1. Results from the OTM 10 measurements, which include both cell room emissions and potential fugitive sources outside the cell room, are shown to be approximately 10% higher than cell room monitoring results indicating that fugitive emissions from outside the cell room produce a small but measurable effect for this site. 相似文献
192.
Multi-scale landscape factors influencing stream water quality in the state of Oregon 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Nash MS Heggem DT Ebert D Wade TG Hall RK 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2009,156(1-4):343-360
Enterococci bacteria are used to indicate the presence of human and/or animal fecal materials in surface water. In addition to human influences on the quality of surface water, a cattle grazing is a widespread and persistent ecological stressor in the Western United States. Cattle may affect surface water quality directly by depositing nutrients and bacteria, and indirectly by damaging stream banks or removing vegetation cover, which may lead to increased sediment loads. This study used the State of Oregon surface water data to determine the likelihood of animal pathogen presence using enterococci and analyzed the spatial distribution and relationship of biotic (enterococci) and abiotic (nitrogen and phosphorous) surface water constituents to landscape metrics and others (e.g. human use, percent riparian cover, natural covers, grazing, etc.). We used a grazing potential index (GPI) based on proximity to water, land ownership and forage availability. Mean and variability of GPI, forage availability, stream density and length, and landscape metrics were related to enterococci and many forms of nitrogen and phosphorous in standard and logistic regression models. The GPI did not have a significant role in the models, but forage related variables had significant contribution. Urban land use within stream reach was the main driving factor when exceeding the threshold (> or =35 cfu/100 ml), agriculture was the driving force in elevating enterococci in sites where enterococci concentration was <35 cfu/100 ml. Landscape metrics related to amount of agriculture, wetlands and urban all contributed to increasing nutrients in surface water but at different scales. The probability of having sites with concentrations of enterococci above the threshold was much lower in areas of natural land cover and much higher in areas with higher urban land use within 60 m of stream. A 1% increase in natural land cover was associated with a 12% decrease in the predicted odds of having a site exceeding the threshold. Opposite to natural land cover, a one unit change in each of manmade barren and urban land use led to an increase of the likelihood of exceeding the threshold by 73%, and 11%, respectively. Change in urban land use had a higher influence on the likelihood of a site exceeding the threshold than that of natural land cover. 相似文献
193.
PROBLEM: Eye injury is currently a leading cause of visual impairment and monocular blindness in the United States. Information regarding consumer products associated with eye injuries can have important implications for the prevention of these injuries. METHODS: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was used to describe the types of consumer products associated with emergency department treated eye injuries in the United States from 1998 through 2002. RESULTS: The leading product type associated with eye injuries was welding equipment followed by household cleaners, basketball equipment, workshop equipment, and adhesives. Eye injuries attributed to hardware, tools, construction, sports, toys, and lawn equipment were more common among males. In females, eye injuries attributable to chemicals, housewares, storage and organization, and bed and bath items were more common. Differences were also apparent across the age spectrum. CONCLUSION: This study identified specific products and categories of products frequently associated with eye injury and prevention initiatives should focus on these items. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This study has identified consumer products associated with eye injuries requiring medical treatment in the United States. Manufacturers of these products could be encouraged to add or strengthen safety messages regarding the potential for eye injury. 相似文献
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195.
Macdonald DW Johnson PJ Albrechtsen L Dutton A Seymour S Dupain J Hall A Fa JE 《Conservation biology》2011,25(6):1220-1228
Spatially extensive patterns of bushmeat extraction (and the processes underlying these patterns) have not been explored. We used data from a large sample (n= 87) of bushmeat trading points in urban and rural localities in Nigeria and Cameroon to explore extraction patterns at a regional level. In 7,594 sample days, we observed 61,267 transactions involving whole carcasses. Rural and urban trading points differed in species for sale and in meat condition (fresh or smoked). Carcass price was principally associated with body mass, with little evidence that taxonomic group (primate, rodent, ungulate, or mammalian carnivore) affected price. Moreover, meat condition was not consistently associated with price. However, some individual species were more expensive throughout the region than would be expected for their size. Prices were weakly positively correlated with human settlement size and were highest in urban areas. Supply did not increase proportionally as human settlement size increased, such that per capita supply was significantly lower in urban centers than in rural areas. Policy options, including banning hunting of more vulnerable species (those that have low reproductive rates), may help to conserve some species consumed as bushmeat because carcass prices indicate that faster breeding, and therefore the more sustainable species, may be substituted and readily accepted by consumers. 相似文献
196.
Tim Hall Melanie MacLean Scott Coffen-Smout Glen Herbert 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2011,15(2):247-255
The national legislative and policy context for integrated ocean management in Canada is provided by the Oceans Act (1996) and the supporting policy statement, Canada’s Oceans Strategy. Under the Oceans Act, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) is the lead federal authority for ocean affairs and is charged with leading and facilitating
the development and implementation of integrated management plans for all marine waters. Integrated management efforts in
Canada are being undertaken through an area-based approach that enables marine planning, management and decision making to
occur at appropriate spatial scales, from regional to site-specific. This article focuses on the Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated
Management (ESSIM) process, an offshore-focused effort to develop an integrated ocean management plan for a large portion
of the Scotian Shelf, off Nova Scotia. The resulting Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Ocean Management Plan (the ESSIM plan)
has been developed through a collaborative process involving all interested and affected government departments and ocean
stakeholders, and provides an objectives-based approach to ocean management. The ESSIM plan contains a set of long-term, overarching
goals for collaborative governance and integrated management, sustainable human use, and healthy ecosystems. These goals are
supported by more specific objectives that express desired outcomes and conditions for the marine region. The objectives-based
approach seeks to ensure that interrelationships among ecosystem and human use objectives are recognized and reflected in
the identification of management strategies and supporting actions. This article considers the role of marine spatial planning
within the context of the integrated ocean management process underway for the Scotian Shelf. The policy and management context
for integrated ocean management in Canada is briefly described and a summary of the ESSIM plan is provided. The current and
potential role for marine spatial planning in implementing the objectives and strategies of the ESSIM plan is highlighted
using examples related to multiple ocean use and marine conservation and protected area planning. The article concludes by
drawing out key lessons learned to date through the ESSIM process for marine spatial planning and looks to the future in terms
of the development of tools and approaches for this integral aspect of integrated ocean management. 相似文献
197.
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199.
Charles A. S. Hall 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2006,8(1):19-53
In this paper I undertake a preliminary assessment for the tropics of the relation of economic development, meaning in general
increases in economic activity as measured by e.g. GDP, and its normal biophysical corollaries of increased resource use and
land use change. I also examine each in relation to the intellectual concepts that underlie and guide what is commonly called
economic development. Because most of the development literature is derived from economics or other social sciences, and focuses
almost entirely on lifting people’s standards of living as measured in monetary units, very little examines the per unit biophysical
requirements of that development, including energy or other resource use requirements, land use change or other environmental
consequences of development plans. In addition there seems to be insufficient connection between those who create economic
development plans and those who undertake empirical biophysical assessments to determine whether the development plan has
worked or can possibly work. The problem is deeper: there exists a series of models used in the development literature that
have been used to encourage and guide development. These models have received very little scrutiny as to either their efficacy
or their societal or environmental impacts until quite recently. When this has been done the models have been shown to fail
miserably. It is time to develop a new model of development that synthesizes conventional economic, biophysical economic and
social aspects, and that is based on the scientific method rather than on perceived wisdom. This model must also take into
account population growth, issues of who wins and who looses from economic development, and the implications of the incipient peak in global oil production. 相似文献
200.