基于高效絮凝沉淀池与翻板滤池组合工艺的工程案例

以银川市某水厂为例,评估高效絮凝沉淀池与翻板滤池组合工艺的工程应用效果。结果表明,高效絮凝沉淀池与翻板滤池组合工艺能够适应较大水质波动,具有一定抗冲击负荷能力。其浊度去除率和高锰酸盐指数 (以COD_Mn计) 去除率较高,出水水质满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》 (GB/T5749-2006) 。通过调整排泥量和污泥回流比,能够有效解决沉淀池泥位超标问题。根据翻板滤池的过滤负荷和滤水阀门的开度调整反冲洗周期,能够提高过滤效率,节约电耗。少量无烟煤滤料的流失对翻板滤池出水浊度无影响。本研究结果可为低温低浊水处理工程提供设计经验和工程案例参考。     

曝气策略对膜面剪切力的影响机制及其优化

曝气冲刷是浸没式MBR工艺不同于常规活性污泥法工艺的关键特征,然而现行规范的曝气系统设计与运行比较粗放,缺乏气泡尺寸模拟优化方法。以可直接观测的工程规模 (500 m³·d⁻¹) 膜生物反应器为研究对象,对穿孔管角度进行了优化研究,并用群体平衡模型(Population Balance Model,PBM)模型模拟污泥混合液不同粘度下的内部气泡分布情况。结果表明：穿孔管角度垂直向下、60°、45°、30°、垂直向上在膜面产生的平均剪切力分别为1.74、1.46、1.19、1.38、1.67 Pa,这表明曝气角度最优为垂直向下。0.3%、0.5%和0.8%浓度的羧甲基纤维素钠(Carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC)下产生的平均剪切力分别是1.51、1.92、2.24 Pa,气泡直径逐渐增大。且气泡尺寸越大、流速越大,分布越均匀。基于0.3%、0.5% CMC的速度实验结果与 PBM模拟结果基本吻合。该研究结果可为MBR技术的工艺优化和系统控制方法提升提供参考。     

Method and mechanism of chromium removal from soil: a systematic review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Heavy metal pollution has increasingly affected human life, and the treatment of heavy metal pollution, especially chromium pollution, is still a...     

Acute toxicity and genotoxicity of two novel pesticides on amphibian, Rana N. Hallowell

Imidacloprid [1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitro-imidazolidin-2-ylideneamine] and RH-5849 [2'-benzoyl-l'-tert-butylbenzoylhydrazinel] are two pesticides used in China since 1992. In the present study we conducted acute toxicity test, micronucleus (MN) test and comet assay of the two pesticides on amphibian, Rana N. Hallowell, a sensitive organism suitable for acting as the bio-indicator of aquatic and agricultural ecosystems. The values of LC50-48 h of imidacloprid were found to be 165 mg l(-1) for tadpoles of Rana limnocharis and 219 mg l(-1) for tadpoles of Rana N. Hallowell. On the other hand, RH-5849 showed no acute toxicity to tadpoles during the 96 h exposure even it was saturated in the test solutions. There were significant differences in the MN frequencies between the negative controls and the treated groups at the dose of 8 mg l(-1) for imidacloprid (p < 0.05) and 40 mg l(-1) for RH-5849 (p < 0.01). Comet assay found significant differences (p < 0.01) in the distributions of DNA damage grades between the negative controls and groups treated in vitro with 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mg l(-1) of imidacloprid and 5, 25, 50 and 100 mg l(-1) of RH-5849, respectively. DNA damage scores increased with the exposure levels of the two pesticides and dose-effect relationships were observed for both imidacloprid (r2 = 0.92) and RH-5849 (r2 = 0.98). The MN test and comet assay revealed potential adverse effects of the two pesticides on DNA in the erythrocytes of amphibians in aquatic and agricultural ecosystems.     

活性赤泥颗粒吸附除磷的效能与机制研究

以赤泥为主要原料,进行活化处理后,以粉煤灰为激发剂,膨润土（皂土）为黏结剂,碳酸氢钠为发泡剂制成不同配比的9种活化赤泥颗粒。将9种新型的活化赤泥颗粒吸附材料通过L₉（3⁴）正交试验进行对比,比较其对水体中磷的去除效果。结果表明,以吸附8 h后磷的吸附量为评价标准,在磷初始浓度为6.0 mg/L,pH为8.0时,配方8的赤泥颗粒对磷的吸附量为1.0 mg/g,对磷的去除率约为83.7％;而配方3的赤泥颗粒对磷的吸附量仅为0.1 mg/g,对磷的去除率约为7.2％。通过红外光谱法和XRD（X-衍射）对2种焙烧赤泥颗粒吸附材料的理化特性进行了表征和比较,发现焙烧后赤泥颗粒表面产生带有-OH官能团,可与磷酸根在溶液中发生配体交换反应而实现吸附。赤泥比例是影响吸附效果的关键因素。     

Bioproduction strategies for rare hexose sugars

A new strategy for the bioproduction of all ketohexoses was developed using hexitols as intermediates. Biocatalysts used to employ the strategy were D-tagatose 3-epimerase, which epimerizes ketohexoses at the C-3 position, and oxidoreductases, which catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions between ketohexoses and the corresponding hexitols. Arranging all the ketohexoses and hexitols in a symmetric ring and connecting them with 20 biochemical reactions, I was able to construct a design for the bioproduction of all the rare ketohexoses. Various aldose isomerases transform ketohexoses into the corresponding aldohexoses, so the strategy is useful for the bioproduction of all the rare hexose sugars. Furthermore, the design revealed that there are four routes to the L-hexose world from the D-hexose one.     

The search for an alternative to piped water and sewer systems in the Alaskan Arctic

Forty-two communities in rural Alaska are considered unserved or underserved with water and sewer infrastructure. Many challenges exist to provide centralized piped water and sewer infrastructure to the homes, and they are exacerbated by decreasing capital funding. Unserved communities in rural Alaska experience higher rates of disease, supporting the recommendation that sanitation infrastructure should be provided. Organizations are pursuing alternative solutions to conventional piped water and sewer in order to maximize water use and reuse for public health. This paper reviews initiatives led by the State of Alaska, the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, and the Yukon Kuskokwim Health Corporation to identify and develop potential long-term solutions appropriate and acceptable to rural communities. Future developments will likely evolve based on the lessons learned from the initiatives. Recommendations include Alaska-specific research needs, increased end-user participation in the design process, and integrated monitoring, evaluation, and information dissemination in future efforts.     

Contamination of marine fauna by chlordecone in Guadeloupe: evidence of a seaward decreasing gradient

Chlordecone is an organochlorine pesticide, used in the Lesser Antilles from 1972 to 1993 to fight against a banana weevil. That molecule is very persistent in the natural environment and ends up in the sea with runoff waters. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the level of contamination in several trophic groups of marine animals according to their distance from the source of pollution. Samples of suspended matter, macroalgae, herbivorous fishes, detrivorous crustaceans, zooplanktivorous fishes, first- and second-order of carnivorous fishes, and piscivorous fishes have been collected in two sites, located downstream the contaminated sites (Goyave and Petit-Bourg), in three marine habitats (coastal mangroves, seagrass beds located 1.5 km from the shoreline, and coral reefs at 3 km offshore). Animals collected in mangroves were the most contaminated (mean concentrations 193 μg kg^?1 in Goyave and 213 μg kg^?1 in Petit-Bourg). Samples from seagrass beds presented intermediate concentrations of chlordecone (85 μg kg^?1 in Goyave and 107 μg kg^?1 in Petit-Bourg). Finally, samples from coral reefs were the less contaminated (71 μg kg^?1 in Goyave and 74 μg kg^?1 in Petit-Bourg). Reef samples, collected 3 km offshore, were two to three times less contaminated than those collected in mangroves.