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71.
IntroductionNowadays,moreinteresthasgrowninthedeterminationoftheelementalconstituentsofmostindustrialmaterialssuchasironwhereseveraldifferentmethodsareused(Hassan ,1982 ;Abdul,1990 ;Failey ,1979;Anderson ,1981) .Recently ,thereweremanyinvestigationsonelementalanalysi… 相似文献
72.
Energy policies and environmental security: A multi-criteria analysis of energy policies of Pakistan
Mabroor Hassan Manzoor Khan Afridi Muhammad Irfan Khan 《International Journal of Green Energy》2019,16(7):510-519
Access to affordable and efficient energy is a basic human right and an imperative for human development. The energy policies usually ponder technical, economic, environmental, and social aspects for successful procurement of energy and endowment of energy resources. The objectives of this paper are to analyze energy policies in Pakistan and assess their relationship with environmental security and development. An empirical and multi-criteria decision analysis was used to unfold the strong interactions of energy security with development and environment. The energy policies in Pakistan are more equipped with economic and technical aspects, fairly framed with social aspects and poorly pampered with environmental facets. The dearth of environmental aspects will not only results in environmental degradation but also lag the development and achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. 相似文献
73.
Anwar Zahid M. Q. Hassan G. N. Breit K.-D. Balke Matthias Flegr 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2009,31(Z1):69-84
Accumulations of iron, manganese, and arsenic occur in the Chandina alluvium of southeastern Bangladesh within 2.5 m of the
ground surface. These distinctive orange-brown horizons are subhorizontal and consistently occur within 1 m of the contact
of the aerated (yellow-brown) and water-saturated (gray) sediment. Ferric oxyhydroxide precipitates that define the horizons
form by oxidation of reduced iron in pore waters near the top of the saturated zone when exposed to air in the unsaturated
sediment. Hydrous Fe-oxide has a high specific surface area and thus a high adsorption capacity that absorbs the bulk of arsenic
also present in the reduced pore water, resulting in accumulations containing as much as 280 ppm arsenic. The steep redox
gradient that characterizes the transition of saturated and unsaturated sediment also favors accumulation of manganese oxides
in the oxidized sediment. Anomalous concentrations of phosphate and molybdenum also detected in the ferric oxyhydroxide-enriched
sediment are attributed to sorption processes. 相似文献
74.
The reuse and recycling of waste materials are now sincerely considered to be an integral part of solid waste management in many parts of the world. In this context, a vast number of options ranging from small scale decentralized to larger scale centralized plants have been adopted. This study aimed at investigating the waste reuse schemes in Khulna city located in the southern part of Bangladesh and ranked third largest city in the country. The shops for reusable material (SRM) were mostly situated around railway, waterway, and truck station markets which provided easy transportation to further locations. For the reuses of waste materials and products, a chain system was found to collect reusable wastes under a total number of 310 identified SRM with 859 persons directly or indirectly involved in the scheme. This was a decentralized waste management system with self sufficient (autonomous) management. According to mass balance, about 38.52 tons d?1 solid wastes were reused in Khulna city area, accounting for 7.65% of the total generated wastes. This study revealed that apparently a silent, systematic, smooth, and clean reuse chain has been established in Khulna city area under private initiatives, whose sustainability was confirmed over the years in the country without any official or formal funds. However, proper adjustment between the higher and lower chain in the materials flow path, as well as personal hygiene training for the workers, would further improve the achievements of the established reuse scheme. 相似文献
75.
Kapil Dev Brahman Tasneem Gul Kazi Hassan Imran Afridi Tahir Rafique Jameel Ahmed Baig Sadaf Sadia Arain Naeem Ullah Abdul Haleem Panhwar Salma Arain 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(12):8611-8628
In the current study, the chemistry of fresh and stored rainwater of Thar Desert, Pakistan, was estimated during two consecutive monsoon periods. The present research deals with the variation in physicochemical parameters, total arsenic (Ast), inorganic arsenic species (Asi, AsV, AsIII), and fluoride (F?) in stored rainwater (SRW) at different time intervals (1 week to 3 months). The pH of fresh rainwater (FRW) samples showed slightly acidic to neutral in nature (6.08–7.06) which were inconsistent with the reference pH value (5.6) of rainwater. The resulted data indicated that Ast and F? levels in SRW were enhanced with time duration. The levels of Ast and F? in SRW after different time intervals were found in the range of 194–683 μg/L and 10–35.4 mg/L, respectively. The values of Ast and F? were 20–70 and 7–24 times higher than those of WHO permissible limits, 10 μg/L and 1.5 mg/L, respectively. The AsIII was dominant species in SRW, which corresponds to >60 % of Asi. The characteristics of the SRW revealed an unacceptable quality to consume for drinking and agricultural purposes in the studied area. 相似文献
76.
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78.
Gasification is the thermochemical conversion of organic feedstocks mainly into combustible syngas (CO and H2) along with other constituents. It has been widely used to convert coal into gaseous energy carriers but only has been recently looked at as a process for producing energy from biomass. This study explores the potential of gasification for energy production and treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW). It relies on adapting the theory governing the chemistry and kinetics of the gasification process to the use of MSW as a feedstock to the process. It also relies on an equilibrium kinetics and thermodynamics solver tool (Gasify®) in the process of modeling gasification of MSW. The effect of process temperature variation on gasifying MSW was explored and the results were compared to incineration as an alternative to gasification of MSW. Also, the assessment was performed comparatively for gasification of MSW in the United Arab Emirates, USA, and Thailand, presenting a spectrum of socioeconomic settings with varying MSW compositions in order to explore the effect of MSW composition variance on the products of gasification. All in all, this study provides an insight into the potential of gasification for the treatment of MSW and as a waste to energy alternative to incineration. 相似文献
79.
John S. Boyer Hassan M. Younis 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):1099-1104
Abstract Toxic agents may affect photosynthesis either by altering the diffusion of CO2 to the photosynthesizing cells or by altering the chloroplast activity for CO2 fixation. Therefore, the effect of toxic chemicals can be assessed by measurement of the rate of CO2 fixation. The effects on photosynthesis caused by altered CO2 diffusion can be distinguished from those caused at the chloroplast level by evaluating the CO2 concentration inside the leaf. If CO2 concentrations remain constant or rise as photosynthesis declines, the inhibition must act on chloroplast activity. If the CO2 concentrations decrease as photosynthesis declines, the inhibition may be caused by slower diffusion of CO2into the leaf. The latter possibility would suggest a stomatal closure to be the most probable cause of the decline of photosynthesis. 相似文献
80.
Shahabaldin Baesi Bahman Abdolhamidzadeh Che Rosmani Che Hassan Mahar Diana Hamid Genserik Reniers 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2013,26(5):895-903
The construction of chemical clusters whereby a variety of chemical plants are located next to each other provides great economic benefits. However, in such clusters, due to the mere scale on which hazardous materials are processed, stored and handled, the potential of various accidents is much higher than in single companies. Furthermore, the close proximity of process installations and storage tanks in such areas gives rise to the risk of domino effects. Therefore, land use planning and layout design has always been a challenge within such clusters.In this paper, a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) is carried out and used as a decision making tool to evaluate the acceptability of constructing a new chemical plant adjacent to an existing one. For this purpose, standard parameters such as individual risk and societal risk were quantified, before and after the new plant would come into operation. Given the experience of past accidents in the process industries, the likelihood of domino accidents in the two neighboring plants has also been analyzed. 相似文献