Feedforward control for nitrogen removal in a pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxic-oxic plant for municipal wastewater treatment

To improve the efficiency of nitrogen removal with lower energy consumption, the study of feedforward control was carried out on a pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxicoxic (AAO) plant for the treatment of municipal wastewater. The effluent qualities of the pilot plant under different control strategies were investigated. The results indicated that the change of external recycle was not a suitable approach to regulate the sludge concentration of plug-flow reactors; adjusting the aeration valve and dissolved oxygen set-point according to ammonia load could overcome the impact of influent fluctuation; and the denitrification potential could be estimated based on the transit time of anoxic zone and the relative content of carbon resource entering the anoxic zone. Simple feedforward control strategies for aeration and internal recycle were subsequently proposed and validated. The nitrogen removal was successfully improved in the pilot plant. The effluent total nitrogen had decreased by 29.9% and was steadily controlled below 15 mg·L⁻¹. Furthermore, approximately 38% of the energy for aeration had been saved.     

Interaction and independence on methane oxidation of landfill cover soil among three impact factors: water, oxygen and ammonium

To understand the influence patterns and interactions of three important environmental factors, i.e. soil water content, oxygen concentration, and ammonium addition, on methane oxidation, the soils from landfill cover layers were incubated under full factorial parameter settings. In addition to the methane oxidation rate, the quantities and community structures of methanotrophs were analyzed to determine the methane oxidation capacity of the soils. Canonical correspondence analysis was utilized to distinguish the important impact factors. Water content was found to be the most important factor influencing the methane oxidation rate and Type II methanotrophs, and the optimum value was 15% (w/w), which induced methane oxidation rates 10- and 6- times greater than those observed at 5% (w/w) and 20% (w/w), respectively. Ambient oxygen conditions were more suitable for methane oxidation than 3% oxygen. The addition of 100 mg-N·kg_drysoil⁻¹ of ammonium induced different effects on methane oxidation capacity when conducted at low or high water content. With regard to the methanotrophs, Type II was sensitive to the changes of water content, while Type I was influenced by oxygen content. Furthermore, the methanotrophic acidophile, Verrucomicrobia, was detected in soils with a pH of 4.9, which extended their known living environments.     

栽植寒富苹果防风固沙修复土壤的效益分析

通过台安县西平林场大兴村栽植寒富苹果防风固沙修复土壤实验,证明在北方沙化土地上种植寒富苹果是可行的.以内蒙古"十五"林业生态建设所产生的生态效益为依据,寒富苹果基地建设,一方面促进农民增收,另一方面具有防风固沙修复土壤、涵养水源,保持水土的作用.能获得生态效益和经济效益双赢,在适宜地区具有广泛的推广价值.     

松花江水系有机污染的现状

本文介绍了GC、GC/MS、HPLC方法在分析松花江水系有机污染物中的应用。GC/MS、HPLC所用水样在现场处理,而TLC、GC样品在实验室处理。冬夏两次取样,共检出152种有机化合物,其中主要有机污染物55种,PAH_3占19％,氯化物占14％,芳烃占13％,其它占54％。     

焦化废水中有机物曝气吹脱条件下的挥发特征

焦化废水中各类有机物表现出不同的挥发特征,乙苯、萘等１１种物质比较容易挥发,１２ｈ空曝后其去除率约为２０％￣４０％,它们的挥发速率常数Ｋｖ与Ｈｅｎｒｙ常数间具有良好的线性相关关系,线性相关方程为Ｋｖ＝２．９０６×１０＾３Ｈ＋０．０１４６,挥发作用在这类物质的去除中起着重要作用;苯酚等１２种物质具有中等程度的挥发性;间苯二酚等物质其挥发作用不明显。     

混合基质条件下难降解有机物生物降解性能

选取几种典型的难解解杂环化合物,在混合基质条件下较为系统的地研究了其好氧生物降解性能以及难解有机物间的联合作用效果,研究结果表明,吡啶,喹啉与其同系物类似的生化降解过程及抑制机理,它们的联合作用效果为相加作用,具有不可逆抑制作用物质共存时联合作用效果为协同作用,具有不可逆抑制作用物质与可逆抑制作用物质共存时,联合作用效果为拮抗作用。     

氯苯类有机物生物降解性及共代谢作用研究

利用测定微生物呼吸耗氧量的方法,对氯苯类中的5种优先污染物：氯苯,邻、间、对－二氯苯,1,2,4－三氯苯的生物降解性能进行测试,比较了它们用不同的驯化污泥试验的生物降解性能差异。结果表明,五种氯苯在各自驯化污泥作用下的降解性易难顺序为：氯苯＞邻二氯苯＞间二氯苯＞对二氯苯＞1,2,4－三氯苯,对于氯苯、邻二氯苯、间二氯苯分别驯化污泥,它们能彼此降解,但不能降解对二氯苯和1,2,4－三氯苯,对于对二氯苯和1,2,4－三氯苯分别驯化污泥,对5种受试有机物都能产生降解作用,且能提高它们的生物降解速率。分析表明,5种受试物诱导产生了两种不同类型的酶系统,共代谢作用在它们的生物降解过程中发挥了重要作用。     

G-H模式的缺陷及其改进

指出G-H模型在估算面源自身网格的大气污染物浓度时存在的严重缺陷。理论和实际两方面的分析表明,其根源在于G-H对自身网格的计算采用了不合理的面源均匀假定。采用面源局部均匀的假定,对G-H的自身网格模式作了改进。有效性分析表明,改进后的模式能适用于q（铅直向扩散参数σ_z的指数项,σ_z＝bx^q）的任何取值范围,其估算的浓度随大气稳定度的变化也与实际情况完全相符,值得在我国加以推广     

SW型脱硫剂脱硫性能的研究

以硫酸烧渣为主要原料制备ＳＷ型脱硫剂,并对其脱硫性能进行了研究,对半水煤气、葡萄酒厂污水处理产生的沼气和焦炉煤气、水煤气中的Ｈ２Ｓ进行了工业脱硫试验,经半年以上运行证明,可使其Ｈ２Ｓ含量从３０００－５０００ｍｇ／ｍ＾３降为２０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３以下（符合国家标准）,当脱硫剂工作硫容达３０％时可返回硫酸生产中,再生周期一般为３个月,其主要性能达到国内外同类产品水平。     

中国首批环境标志产品的研究

环境标志产品是对产品设计、生产、使用、处置全过程的环境行为进行环境评价合格的产品。通过研究产品与控制全球环境问题的关系,按照产品与人民生活的相关程度以及产品环境行为的先进程度,确定了我国首批环境标志产品的标准,做为产品评价依据。其中家用制冷器具和气溶胶(发胶、摩丝等)对禁用和替代ＣＦＣ具有重要意义;无铅汽油、水性涂料、降解地膜等对改善生态环境、保护人体健康有积极作用;再生卫生纸对废纸回收和利用具有导向意义。本文介绍的原则和方法,将做为１９９４年继续筛选环境标志产品和制订其标准的依据。