氢氧化钽对水体中磷酸盐的吸附去除作用

采用氢氧化钽为吸附剂,对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能进行了研究,考察了吸附时间、pH值、磷酸盐的初始浓度、反应温度对吸附量的影响。实验结果表明:pH值越小,氢氧化钽对磷酸盐的吸附量越大,当pH值为2时氢氧化钽对磷酸盐的吸附性能优,并且pH值对磷酸盐的吸附量影响较大;磷酸盐的初始浓度越大,吸附量越大,吸附平衡时间越短;氢氧化钽对磷酸盐的吸附量和吸附速率都随着温度的升高而增加。在25℃、pH=2、初始浓度为200 mg/L、吸附30 min时达到平衡时最大吸附量为76.69 mg/g。吸附后的氢氧化钽红外谱图在1066 cm-1处出现特征峰,该峰恰好是吸附磷酸盐的伸缩振动峰,并且在638 cm-1与670 cm-1之间Ta-O键由于磷酸盐的吸附发生了蓝移。采用6 mol/L的NaOH对吸附了磷酸盐的氢氧化钽进行解吸,当pH=12时解吸率为52.45%。研究结果表明,氢氧化钽能够有效的去除水溶液中磷酸盐的吸附剂。     

低浓度含磷水体除磷填料的选择研究

通过对不同填料进行初筛,选择红瓦、环保砖和水泥砖作为研究对象,对低浓度含磷水体进行磷吸附能力试验研究.结果表明,Langmuir 和Freundlich方程均能合理地描述低浓度含磷水体中各填料的等温吸附特性,Langmuir方程中3种填料对磷的理论饱和吸附量由大到小依次为：红瓦（38.13 mg·kg^-1）>环保砖（25.79 mg·kg^-1）>水泥砖（8.85 mg·kg^-1）,Freundlich方程中反应吸附能力的K值由大到小的规律同Langmuir方程的饱和吸附量一致.一级动力学方程、Elovich方程和双常数速率方程均能很好地描述填料对磷素的吸附动力学特征,从可决系数来看,Elovich型方程的拟合效果最好.从磷释放及其安全性分析,3种填料没有向水体释放磷,释放的重金属元素非常低,不会对水体造成二次污染.各填料出水均偏碱性,因此,选择湿地植物时必须具有较强的耐碱性.综合考察得出,红瓦和环保砖可作为处理低浓度含磷水体的除磷填料.     

弃渣场滑坡影响因素敏感性计算分析

结合典型弃渣场工程实例,引入正交试验设计和方差分析理论,基于Morgenstern-Price严格条分法对弃渣场滑坡影响因素敏感性进行了计算分析。结果表明:坡率、内聚力、内摩擦角对弃渣场坡体稳定性影响高度显著,而坡高、渣体容重、堆积位置下伏基岩倾角对弃渣场坡体稳定性影响较小;指出敏感性分析亦有其局限性,采用概率分析理论研究弃渣场滑坡影响因素将是今后的主要研究方向。     

“十五”期间沈阳市经济发展与环境保护的相互促进分析

论述了沈阳市“十五”期间经济发展及能源消耗的变化趋势,在阐述城市建设对环境保护的促进作用及“十五”期间沈阳市环境质量变化趋势的基础上,对沈阳市经济发展与环境质量的相互促进进行了分析。     

Hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A in sediments and paddy soils from Liaohe River Basin, China: Levels, distribution and mass inventory

Hexabromocyclododecane(HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA) are two kinds of brominated flame retardants and widely present in the environment and biota. The levels,spatial distributions and mass inventories of HBCD and TBBPA were investigated in sediments and paddy soils from the Liaohe River Basin in northeast China. The concentrations of ΣHBCD and TBBPA were in the range of not detected(nd) to 4.02 ng/g dry weight(dw) and 0.03 to 4.06 ng/g dw, respectively. γ-HBCD was dominated in sediments,while the abundance of α-HBCD was relatively high in paddy soils. The spatial distributions of HBCD and TBBPA in surface sediments and paddy soils indicated that the local point-input was their major source. The significant correlation between total organic carbon(TOC) contents and the HBCD levels suggested that TOC content also exerted an influence on the distribution of HBCD in sediments. Meanwhile, it was found that the irrigation with river water was not the major transportation pathway of HBCD and TBBPA in paddy soils. Based on the study, it was estimated that there were about 1.67 tons HBCD and 2.20 tons TBBPA deposited into sediments of the Liaohe River system every year. The total mass inventories of HBCD and TBBPA in sediments were far higher than that in paddy soils.     

新型堆肥调理剂的吸水特性及应用

本文研究新型堆肥调理剂 (CTB堆肥调理剂 )的吸水特性及其应用效果。结果表明 ,调理剂的吸水平衡时间为8h。CTB调理剂的混料比例为 4 0 %～ 6 0 % ,可以将污泥水分调节到较为理想的范围 ,使堆肥过程能顺利完成。本调理剂具有适合于快速堆肥和自动控制、可降低堆肥过程的能耗、吸水性较强、除臭效果好、价格便宜、可以循环利用、易于筛分等优点 ,是城市污泥等有机废弃物工厂化快速堆肥的理想调理剂     

The thermal transformation mechanism of chlorinated paraffins: An experimental and density functional theory study

The increasing production and usage of chlorinated paraffins(CPs) correspondently increase the amount of CPs that experience thermal processes. Our previous study revealed that a significant amount of medium-chain chlorinated paraffins(MCCPs), short-chain chlorinated paraffins(SCCPs) as well as aromatic and chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(Cl-PAHs) were formed synergistically during the thermal decomposition of CP-52(a class of CP products).However, the transformation mechanisms of CP-52 to these compounds are still not very clear.This article presents a mechanistic analysis on the decomposition of CP-52 experimentally and theoretically. It was found that CP-52 initially undergoes dehydrochlorination and carbon chain cleavage and it transformed into chlorinated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Cyclization and aromatization were the most accessible pathways at low temperatures(200–400°C), both of which produce mostly aromatic hydrocarbons. As the temperature exceeds 400°C, the hydrocarbons could decompose into small molecules, and the subsequent radical-induced reactions become the predominant pathways, leading to the formation of Cl-PAHs. The decomposition of CP-52 was investigated by using density functional theory and calculations demonstrating the feasibility and rationality of PCB and PCN formation from chlorobenzene. The results improve the understanding of the transformation processes from CP-52 to SCCPs and Cl-PAHs as well as provide data for reducing their emissions during thermal-related processes.     

Particle number size distribution and new particle formation: New characteristics during the special pollution control period in Beijing

New particle formation is a key process in shaping the size distribution of aerosols in the atmosphere.We present here the measurement results of number and size distribution of aerosol particles (10-1...     

5种沉水植物对重金属富集能力的对比研究

为了探求不同的沉水植物对水体中重金属吸收富集能力的差异,采用原子吸收光谱法,对淮河支流东风渠水体及水体中常见的5种沉水植物:菹草、黑藻、龙须眼子菜、穗花狐尾藻及小茨藻进行了铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)含量分析。结果表明:5种沉水植物样品中重金属含量远远高于水体重金属背景值,对重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的富集系数为58~1 515,对Zn富集最强,最大富集量达到242.42 mg/kg,富集系数为1 515。不同的沉水植物对重金属的吸收富集优势存在明显差异,利用沉水植物来修复水体重金属污染时,须依据不同的污染元素来选择合适的沉水植物。     

人口增长胁迫下的全球土地利用变化研究

人口和耕地、草地、森林４个因子构成一个理论上以人为中心的全球人地关系系统,在这个系统中,人口总量的变动势必引起耕地、草地和森林面积的数量增减和相互转化。该文构建了一个简单的人-地关系平衡模型,对１９７０～１９９５年和未来５０年全球人口增长胁迫下土地利用变化进行了分析。结果表明：①全球２５年来,在人口增长了５４６％的情况下,耕地面积和草地面积并没有大幅度增减。维持相对稳定的机制是以扩大灌溉面积和大量投入化肥为标志的农业技术进步使土地生产率提高了６３９％,从而抵消了人口增长胁迫耕地面积增加、草地和森林面积相应减少的压力。②未来５０年当中,人口将增加７４％,达到１００×１０^８,人均耕地、草场和森林面积将分别减少到低于０１３ｈｍ^２、０３４ｈｍ^２和０３７ｈｍ^２,在此情况下,由于将耕地面积扩大７４％不大可能,现有全球土地利用（覆盖）格局能否保持稳定的关键是依靠农业技术进步使耕地生产率提高７４％以上。③由于在原有维持土地覆盖变化相对稳定的机制中,扩大灌溉面积和大量投入化肥在未来难以继续发挥作用以提高土地生产率,假定现有耕地面积保持不变,现有耕地生产率水平不变,到２０５０年,耕地仍能养活比届时地球上预测生存人口还