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161.
Understanding the demography and function of biotope-forming seaweed species is of great importance for the conservation of
the target species itself, as well as its associated organisms. The brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum is fundamental for the functioning of coastal marine ecosystems in the North Atlantic. In this study, we use a data-based
size-classified matrix model to investigate the temporal and spatial variability in demography, and the environment-specific
stochastic sensitivity and elasticity, of two A. nodosum populations, one in western Sweden and one on the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea. A significant difference between the two
populations was that the Swedish population had comparably low and more variable stochastic population growth rate (λ
s). This pattern was partly explained by the relatively high and varying mortality rates during extreme ice-years in Sweden,
and by the lower survival of small individuals during all years. There were also fewer large individuals in Sweden due to
lower transitions to the larger size-classes and higher probability of shrinkage. Sensitivities were analogous in the two
populations, and showed a high selection pressure for increased individual growth. Elasticities were also similar, with the
exception that survival of the smallest individuals (i.e., transition a
1,1), had a higher elasticity on the Isle of Man. Overall, the stochastic growth rate (λ
s) was most sensitive to proportional changes in loop- (i.e., survival within size-class) and, to some extent, growth-transitions
in both study areas. These results show that structurally and demographically diverging A. nodosum populations may be similarly sensitive to changes in vital rates. This, in turn, indicates a plastic life history of A. nodosum that may cope with large environmental variability. The results further suggest that environmental change affecting the survival
or growth of the larger, reproductive A. nodosum individuals could have severe and regional effects on the abundance and biomass of this species, with potential negative
effects on the biodiversity of the associated communities. 相似文献
162.
163.
Henrik Pärn Karin M. Lindström Maria Sandell Trond Amundsen 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(10):1665-1677
The optimal mating system is rarely the same for males and females—whereas males usually benefit from attracting additional
females to the territory, this could incur costs for the resident female. Females should therefore prevent prospecting females
from settling on the territory. We studied the male and female behavioral and hormonal responses to simulated female territorial
intrusions in free-living bluethroats during the pre-laying period. In the study population, polygyny occurs with potential
fitness costs for the resident female. We recorded different aspects of aggressive behavior before and after presentation
of a live female decoy and playback of female song. These behaviors were compared with a set of intrusions using a male decoy.
At the end of a trial, the birds were captured, and blood samples were analyzed for androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol
and corticosterone. During the pre-intrusion period, none of the females were observed. Females generally responded strongly
to the female decoy by increased flight rate, vocalizations, and by conspicuous perching. Nearly half of the males displayed
to the female decoy but never while the resident female was present. We suggest that resident female aggression in bluethroats
prevents courtship by her mate and signals her mating status to the female intruder. Female aggression could therefore prevent
additional females to settle on the territory and shape the mating system. Females that responded with song had higher levels
of estradiol. These findings suggest that estradiol may support aggression in breeding female birds. 相似文献
164.
Arild Johnsen Henrik Pärn Frode Fossøy Oddmund Kleven Terje Laskemoen Jan T. Lifjeld 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(11):1761-1767
Extra-pair paternity is common in birds and much research has focussed on the selective advantage of extra-pair matings for
both sexes. In contrast, little attention has been given to the fact that in most species the majority of offspring are sired
by the social male. We investigated whether extra-pair matings of female bluethroats (Luscinia svecica) are constrained by the presence of the pair male, by detaining males in cages on their territories for one morning during
the peak of female fertility. The proportion of offspring sired by extra-pair males was higher in broods where males had been
detained (35%) than in control broods (16%), while the proportion of broods that had at least one extra-pair offspring did
not differ significantly between experimental (65%) and control broods (44%). Within the experimental group, levels of extra-pair
paternity were not related to the day of experiment in relation to start of egg laying, but males caught early in the morning
lost more paternity than males caught later on. Our results show that pair males exert constraints on the frequency of extra-pair
paternity by being present during the period of peak fertility, which could be a direct effect of their mate guarding effort
and/or due to an advantage in sperm competition for pair males. 相似文献
165.
Maximum species richness at intermediate frequencies of disturbance: consistency among levels of productivity 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Development of a mechanistic understanding and predictions of patterns of biodiversity is a central theme in ecology. One of the most influential theories, the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH), predicts maximum diversity at intermediate levels of disturbance frequency. The dynamic equilibrium model (DEM), an extension of the IDH, predicts that the level of productivity determines at what frequency of disturbance maximum diversity occurs. To test, and contrast, the predictions of these two models, a field experiment on marine hard-substratum assemblages was conducted with seven levels of disturbance frequency and three levels of nutrient availability. Consistent with the IDH, maximum diversity, measured as species richness, was observed at an intermediate frequency of disturbance. Despite documented effects on productivity, the relationship between disturbance and diversity was not altered by the nutrient treatments. Thus, in this system the DEM did not improve the understanding of patterns of diversity compared to the IDH. Furthermore, it is suggested that careful consideration of measurements and practical definitions of productivity in natural assemblages is necessary for a rigorous test of the DEM. 相似文献
166.
An agent-based model is developed to explore the pattern of fuelwood collection in an 1178 ha forest area in rural mountainous Nepal. The model relates fuelwood collection intensity and amount of dead wood available for collection to the diversity of polypore species, a group of strictly dead wood dependent fungi which can be used as indicators of the biodiversity associated with dead wood. By analysing scenarios of increased collection the model shows that the relative impact on polypore diversity is rising more rapidly than the time used for collection. This indicates that better market access in the future could potentially imply a major threat to biodiversity associated with dead wood. 相似文献
167.
Biological degradation and greenhouse gas emissions during pre-storage of liquid animal manure 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Storage of manure makes a significant contribution to global methane (CH4) emissions. Anaerobic digestion of pig and cattle manure in biogas reactors before outside storage might reduce the potential for CH4 emissions. However, manure pre-stored at 15 to 20 degrees C in buildings before anaerobic digestion may be a significant source of CH4 and could reduce the potential CH4 production in the biogas reactor. Degradation of energy-rich organic components in slurry and emissions of CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) from aerobic and anaerobic degradation processes during pre-storage were examined in the laboratory. Newly mixed slurry was added to vessels and stored at 15 and 20 degrees C for 100 to 220 d. During storage, CH4 and CO2 emissions were measured with a dynamic chamber technique. The ratio of decomposition in the subsurface to that at the surface indicated that the aerobic surface processes contributed significantly to CO2 emission. The measured CH4 emission was used to calculate the methane conversion factor (MCF) in relation to storage time and temperature, and the total carbon-C emission was used to calculate the decrease in potential CH4 production by anaerobic digestion following pre-storage. The results show substantial methane and carbon dioxide production from animal manure in an open fed-batch system kept at 15 to 20 degrees C, even for short storage times, but the influence of temperature was not significant at storage times of <30 d. During long-term storage (90 d), a strong influence of temperature on the MCF value, especially for pig manure, was observed. 相似文献
168.
The distribution of moisture, degradable C, and N after direct injection of slurry can affect the turnover and plant availability of slurry N. This study examined effects of injection method, soil conditions, and slurry properties on the infiltration of several slurry components under practical conditions. The water retention capacity of 22 pig and cattle slurries was quantified by dialysis at -0.016, -0.047, and -0.100 MPa. All slurries followed the relationship: relative water loss = 1/(1 + aVS[volatile solids]), indicating that retention of liquids in the slurry injection zone can be predicted from slurry VS and soil water potential. Two-disc injection and harrow tine injection were simulated (no slurry applied) in five trials. Two trials indicated that disc injection resulted in higher permeability compared with harrow tine injection. In a separate experiment, soil moisture and dissolved ions were monitored in and around injection slits amended with pig or cattle slurry. Moisture gradients, which were recorded with small printed-circuit-board (PCB) time-domain-reflectometry (TDR) probes, were temporally stable and reestablished following rainfall. Slit sections with pig and cattle slurry containing 13C-acetate and 15N-ammonium showed a shift in the 13C to 15N ratio of the injection zone within 24 h, which was explained by removal of dissolved C and/or retention of NH4+. Cattle slurry was more concentrated around the injection slit than pig slurry, and greater contact between slurry and soil was obtained with harrow tine injection. The heterogeneity of slurry C and N distribution after direct injection should be accounted for in models describing slurry N turnover. 相似文献
169.