基于SCS水文模型的泥石流预报模型在四川宝兴冷木沟的应用

2013年4月20日四川芦山7.0级地震后,四川省宝兴县冷木沟沟道内新增大量崩塌、滑坡物源,在强降雨的诱发下,极易发生泥石流灾害,且沟口直面县城,直接威胁着整个县城的生命、财产安全。利用SCS水文模型,根据冷木沟流域的地貌特征将其划分成17个子流域,在子流域不同的土地利用数据及水文土壤条件下进行产流、汇流计算,最后通过叠加得到冷木沟流域出口断面的汇流过程;对2012年8月18日发生的泥石流汇流过程进行探讨预测,结果显示,本次泥石流的洪峰流量为278m³/s,泥石流总量为20.2×104m³,计算得到的泥石流总量与实际调查结果的相对误差为7.8%;用同一方法预测2013年5月23日冷木沟支沟黑沟的泥石流汇流过程,计算的洪峰流量为38.2 m³/s,与实际监测值的相对误差为4.2%。说明此模型对于冷木沟流域具有适用性,且效果较好,可用于宝兴县冷木沟泥石流的流量预测及泥石流灾害规模预测,将对宝兴县的泥石流防灾减灾工作提供科学指导。     

城市污泥堆肥用作草坪基质研究进展

针对城市污泥堆肥特点,阐述了国内外城市污泥堆肥用作草坪基质的研究现状。总结了污泥堆肥用于草坪生产存在的问题,并认为研究重点应放在污泥堆肥混合基质的组成、水肥管理技术、草种的筛选、规范堆肥生产和草坪质量综合评价标准及可能存在的环境问题等方面。另外,需要加大高新技术的投入促进产业化,以便为污泥堆肥用作草坪基质提供确实的理论指导和技术支持。     

输氧抽气技术在垃圾填埋场治理中的关键参数试验研究

输氧抽气技术是基于好氧降解原理对垃圾填埋场中固体废弃物实施原位处理的先进环保技术。采用该技术对垃圾填埋场中固体废弃物减量化研究,总结了技术应用中的关键参数:有效影响半径,最佳真空度等。结果表明抽气流量大小与影响半径密切相关,抽气影响半径建议取20~25 m,抽气系统最优负压为20 k Pa,同时在技术应用过程中应保证垃圾场表层覆盖层的密封性能,尽量减少空气的渗入。输氧抽气技术在垃圾场的成功实施为同类型场地治理提供工程技术参考。     

蚯蚓土壤填料生态滤池处理生活污水

采用二级蚯蚓土壤填料生态滤池对生活污水进行处理,考察其对污水中各类污染物的去除效果。连续运行90d,试验结果表明:滤池运行稳定,对COD、TP、NH3-N、TN和SS的去除效果良好,平均去除率分别为78.7%、93.4%、74.9%、60.4%和87.5%,出水满足GB 1898—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》二级标准。滤池二级串联结构设计系统稳定,改善了出水水质。蚯蚓在试验初期对滤池环境可较好较快的适应,维持了滤池的稳定运行。土壤生态处理技术工艺简单,兼具经济实用和规模灵活的优点,适合推广。     

断路器并联电容器离子性缺陷介损特性分析

对 JWF150-1500 型和 JWF150-0.0015GHW 型断路器并联电容器进行高压介质损耗试验,发现部分断路器并联电容器随电压升高介损值变化明显,存在离子性缺陷。通过数据和理论分析,解释了断路器并联电容器介质损耗随电压变化的原因及离子性缺陷对断路器并联电容器影响,并提出有效解决措施。结果表明:例行试验与投运前试验时 10 kV 下 tanδ 测量值偏差较大,且高压介损随电压变化下降明显的断路器并联电容器,可认定存在离子性缺陷。     

变压器绕组变形的综合分析方法

气相色谱法、频响法及短路阻抗法是测试变压器绕组是否变形的重要手段,但单一的试验方法和试验数据对判断绕组变形存在一定的局限性。结合现场实际,提出应用色谱法进行检测后,再结合频响法和短路阻抗法进行分析的综合方法。应用结果表明:变压器绕组变形的综合分析方法能够有效、准确判断绕组的状态。     

Analysis of periodic patterns of daily precipitation through simultaneous modeling of its serially observed occurrence and amount

Precipitation is of great importance to agriculture, environment and ecosystem as a regular precipitation pattern is usually vital to healthy plants; excessive or insufficient rainfall can be harmful. Periodic patterns of precipitation can be studied based on regularly observed data over time. Since regularly observed precipitation data are generally skewed with many zeros, two common analysis approaches have been proposed recently. One approach investigates precipitation using a two-part model where the occurrence and positive amount of precipitation are analyzed separately (Piantadosi et al. in Environ Model Assess 14:431–438, 2009), whereas the other approach handles occurrence and amount simultaneously using a Tweedie’s compound Poisson model for independent observations (Hasan and Dunn in Int J Climatol 32:1006–1017, 2012). The former approach fails to maintain the regular temporal structure of serially observed precipitation, whereas the latter approach ignores serial dependence. As there is generally substantial serial correlation in the observed sequence of precipitation data over time, we introduce a compound Poisson state-space model with serially correlated random effects for daily precipitation data. This approach characterizes both occurrence and amount of precipitation simultaneously while accounting for the corresponding serial correlation. Our main results depend only on the first- and second-moment assumptions of unobserved random effects. We illustrate our method with the analysis of the daily precipitation data recorded at Mount Washington, NH, USA.     

敌百虫对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的毒性效应

为评价水域环境中敌百虫(trichlorfon)污染对两栖类幼体的急性毒性,将中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)28～29期(Gos-ner)蝌蚪分别暴露于10～30 mg· L-1敌百虫5个不同浓度的水体中,分别在24、48、72和96 h统计蝌蚪的死亡率,计算半致死浓度(LC50).结果显示,暴露24、48、72和96 h,敌百虫对蝌蚪的LC50分别为14250±3.23、49.19±128、25.68±2.04、1555±1.93 mg·L-1,安全浓度(SC)为156±0.19 mg· L-1.蝌蚪中毒后尾部多呈弯曲状,仰翻,外观浮肿.对死亡蝌蚪的解剖表明,其鳃腔内充水,内鳃萎缩,肝脏、肠管和肾脏呈灰白色.另外,将28～29期蝌蚪分别暴露于0.2 ～ 2.0 mg·L-1敌百虫4个不同浓度的水体中进行慢性暴露实验,检测蝌蚪暴露28和42 d时的体重和体长以及75％个体变态所需的时间.结果表明,蝌蚪在低剂量敌百虫水体中持续暴露,其生长发育受到明显抑制,并可导致蝌蚪身体扭曲、尾部强直性弯曲等畸型发生,蝌蚪的死亡率显著增高,作用强度呈现剂量和时间的累积效应.慢性暴露实验证明SC以下的敌百虫水体仍威胁着蝌蚪的生存.     

序言

<正>中国是世界上最早发现和使用铜的文明古国之一。从三千年前的青铜器时代,一直到十五世纪前,我国炼铜和加工技术在世界上遥遥领先。直到今天,铜与铜合金产品在生产和生活中起着不可替代的作用。随着工业化和城市化发展,铜应用范围和市场的增加,铜的需求量也随之增加。尤其在我国,精铜消费量约从1990年的73万吨增至2013年的810万吨。据保守     

Investigation on sampling artifacts of particle associated PAHs using ozone denuder systems

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） are complex organic compounds which are identified as significant carcinogenic to human health. PAHs （mainly in particle phase） are susceptible to atmospheric oxidant gases, especially ozone, nitrogen oxides （NOx）, hydroxyl radical （OH）, and could be degraded on filters during sampling process, leading to an underestimation of ambient PAH concentrations. The goal of this work was to investigate particle associated PAHs sampling artifacts caused by ozone in summer of Beijing. Comparative sampling systems were operated simultaneously during the whole campaign, one with activated carbon ozone denuder, the other being set as conventional sampling system. Activated carbon denuder was testified to be highly efficient to eliminate ozone from air stream. In general, nine particle-bound PAHs observed from conventional sampler were all lower than those from ozone denuder system. The total PAHs （particle phase） concentration was averagely underestimated by 35.9% in conventional sampling procedure. Benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） had the highest percentage of mass loss. founded to have influences Ambient temperature was on PAHs sampling artifacts. High temperature can increase loss of particle associated PAHs during sampling.