Analytical solutions of three-dimensional contaminant transport in uniform flow field in porous media: A library

The purpose of this study is to present a library of analytical solutions for the three-dimensional contaminant transport in uniform flow field in porous media with the first-order decay, linear sorption, and zero-order production. The library is constructed using Green’s function method (GFM) in combination with available solutions. The library covers a wide range of solutions for various conditions. The aquifer can be vertically finite, semi-infinitive or infinitive, and laterally semi-infinitive or infinitive. The geometry of the sources can be of point, line, plane or volumetric body; and the source release can be continuous, instantaneous, or by following a given function over time. Dimensionless forms of the solutions are also proposed. A computer code FlowCAS is developed to calculate the solutions. Calculated results demonstrate the correctness of the presented solutions. The library is widely applicable to solve contaminant transport problems of one- or multiple- dimensions in uniform flow fields.     

Life cycle assessment of TV sets in China: A case study of the impacts of CRT monitors

Along with the rapid increase in both production and use of TV sets in China, there is an increasing awareness of the environmental impacts related to the accelerating mass production, electricity use, and waste management of these sets. This paper aims to describe the application of life cycle assessment (LCA) to investigate the environmental performance of Chinese TV sets. An assessment of the TV set device (focusing on the Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitor) was carried out using a detailed modular LCA based on the international standards of the ISO 14040 series. The LCA was constructed using SimaPro software version 7.2 and expressed with the Eco-indicator' 99 life cycle impact assessment method. For a sensitivity analysis of the overall LCA results, the CML method was used in order to estimate the influence of the choice of the assessment method on the results. Life cycle inventory information was compiled by Ecoinvent 2.2 databases, combined with literature and field investigations on the current Chinese situation. The established LCA study shows that the use stage of such devices has the highest environmental impact, followed by the manufacturing stage. In the manufacturing stage, the CRT and the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) are those components contributing the most environmental impacts. During the use phase, the environmental impacts are due entirely to the methods of electricity generation used to run them, since no other aspects were taken into account for this phase. The final processing step-the end-of-life stage-can lead to a clear environmental benefit when the TV sets are processed through the formal dismantling enterprises in China.     

有机磷阻燃剂生产废水预处理工艺研究

采用液膜萃取—酸析沉降—络合萃取组合工艺对有机磷阻燃剂生产废水进行预处理.最佳工艺条件为:液膜萃取时,液膜油相(表面活性剂与煤油的混合液)与内水相(H2SO4溶液)的体积比2∶1、乳化液膜与废水的体积比1∶8、废水pH 13.0,硫酸体积分数10％、煤油中表面活性剂质量浓度30 g/L、液膜萃取时间 15 min;酸析沉降时,废水pH l.0,酸析沉降时间30 min;络合萃取时,络合萃取剂(烷基叔胺N235与煤油的混合液)中烷基叔胺N235体积分数30％,络合萃取剂与废水的体积比1∶4,废水pH l.0,络合萃取时间30 min.在此最佳处理条件下,废水COD总去除率可达93％,吡啶去除率达99.9％以上,总磷去除率可达97％,BOD5/COD提高至0.32,有利于后续生化处理.     

钛基IrO2-RuO2阳极电解处理亚甲基蓝溶液

采用钛基IrO2-RuO2为阳极材料,不锈钢为阴极材料,NaCl质量浓度为10 g/L的溶液为电解液,对亚甲基蓝溶液进行电化学处理。实验结果表明:处理初始质量浓度为25 mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液,电解电流0.050 A,电解20 min后亚甲基蓝去除率达95%;处理初始质量浓度为100 mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液,电解电流0.100 A,电解30 min后亚甲基蓝去除率达98%。随着电解时间和电解电流的增加,亚甲基蓝去除率均增大。     

大孔树脂吸附—Fenton试剂氧化法预处理含邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯废水

采用大孔树脂吸附—Fenton试剂氧化法预处理含邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)废水。大孔树脂吸附工段的最佳实验条件为:以树脂NDA88为吸附剂,废水pH为2。NDA88经过10批次的连续使用,COD去除率基本稳定在58%左右,脱附率可达96%以上,吸附后废水COD为12 000 mg/L左右。Fenton试剂氧化工段的最佳实验条件为:H2O2加入量70 mL/L,n(H2O2):n(Fe2+)=4,废水pH 4。在此最佳条件下进行实验,Fenton试剂氧化工段COD去除率达65%,处理后废水COD为4 200 mg/L。     

纳滤膜处理含锰废水

采用纳滤膜处理电解锰生产过程中产生的含锰废水,考察了操作压力、阻垢剂和反冲洗等因素对膜通量和各金属离子截留率的影响。实验结果表明:操作压力越大,膜通量越大,且膜通量随运行时间延长下降得越快;在操作压力为2.0 MPa的条件下,纳滤膜对Mg2+的截留率为90.69%,对Mn2+的截留率为89.72%,对Ca2+的截留率最高,达100%;加入阻垢剂后,纳滤膜的膜通量比未加入阻垢剂时的膜通量略大;反冲洗4次后,膜通量均可完全恢复。     

Carbonaceous species in fine particles at the background sites in Korea between 1994 and 1999

Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in fine particles (PM_2.5) at two background sites, Kosan and Kangwha in Korea were measured during intensive field studies between 1994 and 1999. Fine particles were collected on pre-fired quartz filters in a low-volume sampler and analyzed using the selective thermal oxidation method with MnO₂ catalyst. The OC and EC concentrations at Kosan located at western tip of Cheju Island in southern Korea are lower than those at Kangwha located at western coastal area in mid-Korean peninsula. Still, the OC concentrations at Kosan are generally higher than those at other background areas in Japan and USA. The EC concentrations at Kosan are lower than or comparable to those at other background areas. The total carbon (TC, sum of OC and EC) to EC ratio values at both sites were higher than those at other background areas in Japan and USA. At Kosan, the OC and EC concentrations when air parcels were from southern China were higher than those when air parcels were coming from northern China. However, at Kangwha, the differences were statistically not clear since most air parcels were from northern China. Except when air parcels were from the North Pacific during summer, the OC and EC concentrations are well correlated indicating that both OC and EC share the same emission/transport characteristics. From the gaseous hydrocarbon data and the OC and EC relationship, it was found that during summer local biogenic emissions of OC might be significant at Kosan.     

不同施氮量对饲料稻糙米蛋白质含量的影响及其机理

采用田间小区试验探讨了"氮中量施肥法"(N,P2O5,K2O施用量为190,90,100 kg·hm-2)、"氮高量施肥法"(N,P2O5,K2O施用量为210,90,100 kg-hm-2)、"氮低量施肥法"(N,P2O5,K2O施用量为170,90,100kg·hm-2)对饲料稻威优198糙米蛋白质质量分数的影响及其机理.结果表明,与氮高量施肥法和氮低量施肥法相比,氮中量施肥法能明显促进孕穗期、乳熟期水稻旗叶中硝酸还原酶,乳熟期旗叶中蛋白水解酶活性,齐穗期旗叶谷氨酰胺合成酶以及齐穗期和乳熟期籽粒中谷氮酰胺合成酶活性,明显促进水稻对氮素营养的吸收与转运,显著提高糙米中蛋白质质量分数和蛋白质质量分数.氮中量施肥法处理糙米蛋白质质量分数分别比氮高量施肥法处理和氮低量施肥法处理提高了 1.39%和17.93%,籽粒产量分别提高了 12.02%和8.47%,糙米蛋白质产量分别提高了12.54%和18.32%.研究表明,氮中量施肥法能满足饲料稻高蛋白高产栽培的需要.     

基于生态足迹方法的武汉市自然资本分析

生态足迹方法是目前研究自然资本状况的常用方法之一,能够较好地体现区域可持续发展态势.文章运用生态足迹方法对武汉市1995年、2000 年、2005年自然资本消长情况进行了量化研究、对比分析,研究结果表明:武汉市1995年、2000 年、2005年的自然资本需求和供给比例分别达到18.402∶1、20.765∶1、27.276∶1,供需矛盾显著;人均生态赤字分别达到2.4206 hm2·人-1、2.5163 hm2·人-1、2.9009 hm2·人-1,呈逐年上升趋势,成为制约武汉市可持续发展的瓶颈之一.生态用地类型分析显示,耕地、水域、化石能源用地赤字明显,应作为武汉市改善自然资本状况重点关注的对象.文章提出了倡导市民合理消费,同时健全绿色保障制度体系、优化城市生态服务功能等对策和措施,旨在为武汉市实现可持续发展提供依据.     

集约化蔬菜种植区地下水中反硝化细菌的分离鉴定

从研究我国典型集约化蔬菜种植区地下水中硝酸盐的来源和浓度人手,进行富集、培养、分离、纯化,筛选出一株具有反硝化作用的菌株,通过形态学、革兰氏染色结合16SrDNA序列同源性分析鉴定,其鉴定结果为农杆菌(Agrobacterium sp.).该研究为开展地下水硝酸盐污染的生物修复储备宝贵的菌种资源,为地下水中硝酸盐污染的原位微生物修复和相关污水的生物处理提供微牛物基础,对于经济、有效的解决地下水硝酸盐污染和水资源短缺的问题有着十分重要的意义.