Monitoring of flow field based on stable isotope geochemical characteristics in deep groundwater

As circumstances of operating and maintenance activities for landfilling and composting in Tehran metropolis differ from those of cities in developed countries, it was concluded to have an environmental impact comparison between the current solid waste management (MSW) strategies: (1) landfill, and (2) composting plus landfill. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to compare these scenarios for MSW in Tehran, Iran. The Eco-Indicator 99 is applied as an impact assessment method considering surplus energy, climate change, acidification, respiratory effect, carcinogenesis, ecotoxicity and ozone layer depletion points of aspects. One ton of municipal solid waste of Tehran was selected as the functional unit. According to the comparisons, the composting plus landfill scenario causes less damage to human health in comparison to landfill scenario. However, its damages to both mineral and fossil resources as well as ecosystem quality are higher than the landfill scenario. Thus, the composting plus landfill scenario had a higher environmental impact than landfill scenario. However, an integrated waste management will ultimately be the most efficient approach in terms of both environmental and economic benefits. In this paper, a cost evaluation shows that the unit cost per ton of waste for the scenarios is 15.28 and 26.40 US$, respectively. Results show landfill scenario as the preferable option both in environmental and economic aspects for Tehran in the current situation.     

Penetration of polar brominated DBPs through the activated carbon columns during total organic bromine analysis

Total organic bromine (TOBr) is a collective parameter representing all the brominated organic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in water samples. TOBr can be measured using the adsorption-pyrolysis method according to Standard Method 5320B. This method involves that brominated organic DBPs are separated from inorganic halides and concentrated from aqueous solution by adsorption onto the activated carbon (AC). Previous studies have reported that some commonly known brominated DBPs can partially penetrate through the AC during this adsorption step. In this work, the penetration of polar brominated DBPs through AC and ozone-modified AC was explored with two simulated drinking water samples and one chlorinated wastewater effluent sample. Polar brominated DBPs were selectively detected with a novel precursor ion scan method using electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The results show that 3.4% and 10.4% of polar brominated DBPs (in terms of total ion intensity) in the chlorinated Suwannee River fulvic acid and humic acid samples, respectively, penetrated through the AC, and 19.6% of polar brominated DBPs in the chlorinated secondary wastewater effluent sample penetrated through the AC. The ozone-modification of AC minimized the penetration of polar brominated DBPs during the TOBr analysis.     

Influence of particle size on the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles: Role of structural hydration layer

More and more attention has been paid to the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles, but little research has been done on the effect of particle size. Therefore, this study systematically evaluated the aggregation behavior of nano-silica particles with diameter 130–480 nm at different initial particle concentration, pH, ionic strength, and ionic valence of electrolytes. The modified Smoluchowski theory failed to describe the aggregation kinetics for nano-silica particles with diameters less than 190 nm. Besides, ionic strength, cation species and pH all affected fast aggregation rate coefficients of 130 nm nanoparticles. Through incorporating structural hydration force into the modified Smoluchowski theory, it is found that the reason for all the anomalous aggregation behavior was the different structural hydration layer thickness of nanoparticles with various sizes. The thickness decreased with increasing of particle size, and remained basically unchanged for particles larger than 190 nm. Only when the distance at primary minimum was twice the thickness of structural hydration layer, the structural hydration force dominated, leading to the higher stability of nanoparticles. This study clearly clarified the unique aggregation mechanism of nanoparticles with smaller size, which provided reference for predicting transport and fate of nanoparticles and could help facilitate the evaluation of their environment risks.     

秸秆内丝状真菌阻止外源真菌入侵

选取降解秸秆较快且形态差异较大的10株丝状真菌,以玉米秆芯为材料,研究其降解秸秆的协同性.结果表明:供试10株丝状真菌在侵入秸秆内部后都具有排斥其他丝状真菌侵入的倾向.利用平板对峙法研究这10株丝状真菌在培养基PDA上生长的相互影响,结果表明供试10株丝状真菌也普遍具有相互竞争和抑制的作用,没有发现促进生长现象.根据菌落形态、菌丝和孢子形态对10株丝状真菌进行了鉴定.在这10株真菌中,有3株(F1、F7、F10)是循环抑制,分类学上分别归属于Mucor lamprosporus lender,Neurospora sitophila Sh.Et dodge和Phytophthora cactorum(L.et C.)Schrot..结论:侵人秸秆内10株丝状真菌阻止外源真菌入侵.     

化学还原法在Cr污染土壤修复中的应用

综述了Cr的地球化学特性和毒理学特性、化学还原反应机理和作用特点,分析了原位和异位化学还原法在Cr污染土壤修复中的应用,并对技术的工程实践提出建议.     

矿山废水净化技术

目前矿山废水大部分都没有经过处理而直接外排 ,造成附近水体及环境严重污染。为了保护水资源和矿区环境 ,必须采取有效的技术措施 ,使矿山废水净化、复用 ,以保护短缺的水资源和矿区生活环境     

微量元素对柠檬酸废水发酵回用的影响

本文研究了微量元素Cu2 、Fe2 、Zn2 、Mn2 、Mg2 和PO3-4 对柠檬酸中和废水发酵的影响。在经过“碱沉淀—离子交换法 (AIE法 )”处理后的废水培养基中分别加入 1× 1 0 -8g/mlMn2 、1× 1 0 -7g/mlZn2 、1× 1 0 -6 g/mlMg2 、1× 1 0 -5g/mlCu2 和 1 .5× 1 0 -2 g/mlPO3-4使产酸依次提高 2 .8%、9.0 %、1 0 .5 %、8.3%、7.2 %和 3.4 %。Fe2 的加入降低了柠檬酸产量。     

采用温度梯度凝胶电泳(TGGE)分析消毒剂对池塘型微宇宙细菌群落结构的影响

构建6个池塘型微宇宙模拟水生态系统,1个设为对照组,试验组连续投加次氯酸钠13 d,投加剂量分别为1.0、2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0 mg/L,停止投加后再观察10 d.试验期间对各微宇宙分别进行8次采样,经37 ℃培养后提取细菌总DNA,进行16S rDNA V3区扩增后,对扩增产物进行TGGE分析.对TGGE图谱中的主要条带进行回收、重新扩增、克隆、建库、测序以及序列分析.结果显示,消毒剂进入环境后会对细菌群落结构产生影响,但不同剂量消毒剂产生的影响有显著差异,存在明显的剂量-效应关系:低剂量消毒剂对细菌群落结构的影响比较小,而且是可逆的,微宇宙系统对消毒剂逐渐适应后其群落结构即可恢复;而高剂最消毒剂对细菌群落结构的破坏比较大,且不可逆转,即使消毒剂停止投加后也不能恢复.说明盲目的过量投加消毒剂会对水体微生态环境造成严重破坏.图4表1参10     

克拉玛依市区大气尘污染研究

通过对克拉玛依市区大气尘污染的特性及变化规律所进行的全面分析和研究,结果表明：市区的尘污染有加重的趋势,降尘属中度污染,针对现状,提出了大力植树造林;加强对建筑施工和道路改造施工现场的管理;加强对低空排放的小型燃煤锅炉的监督管理;充分利用石油天然气资源;强化以环境管理为中心的环境政策体系等五项具体措施。     

上海市沿海滩涂土地资源圈围与潮滩发育演变分析

上海市62%的土地是近2 000 年来长江来沙堆积而成, 尤其近50 余年来, 采用围垦-促 淤-围垦等有效的拦沙造地方式, 圈围滩涂1.01×105hm2, 为缓解上海城市发展所需的土地资源紧 缺、促进工农业发展和城市基本建设发挥了巨大的作用。论文将GIS 平台获取大量滩涂变化的基本 数据和长期现场观测资料相结合, 总结并提出: 充分利用长江来沙资源, 采用中高潮滩种青和工程 促淤拦沙圈围方法, 可加速潮滩淤涨发育和滩涂土地资源增长, 而低滩工程促淤虽然不利于潮滩地 形快速恢复, 但可快速获得大片土地资源。因而, 保证了50 余年来上海市在圈围土地与基本保持沿 海潮滩湿地面积总量变幅较少方面取得双赢效果。