The metabolism of neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam by soil enrichment cultures,and the bacterial diversity and plant growth‐promoting properties of the cultured isolates

A soil enrichment culture (SEC) rapidly degraded 96% of 200 mg L^?1 neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam (TMX) in MSM broth within 30 d; therefore, its metabolic pathway of TMX, bacterial diversity and plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) activities of the cultured isolates were studied. The SEC transformed TMX via the nitro reduction pathway to form nitrso, urea metabolites and via cleavage of the oxadiazine cycle to form a new metabolite, hydroxyl CLO‐tri. In addition, 16S rRNA gene‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that uncultured rhizobacteria are predominant in the SEC broth and that 77.8% of the identified bacteria belonged to uncultured bacteria. A total of 31 cultured bacterial strains including six genera (Achromobacter, Agromyces, Ensifer, Mesorhizobium, Microbacterium and Pseudoxanthomonas) were isolated from the SEC broth. The 12 strains of Ensifer adhaerens have the ability to degrade TMX. All six selected bacteria showed PGPR activities. E. adhaerens TMX‐23 and Agromyces mediolanus TMX‐25 produced indole‐3‐acetic acid, whereas E. adhaerens TMX‐23 and Mesorhizobium alhagi TMX‐36 are N₂‐fixing bacteria. The six‐isolated microbes were tolerant to 200 mg L^?1 TMX, and the growth of E. adhaerens was significantly enhanced by TMX, whereas that of Achromobacter sp. TMX‐5 and Microbacterium sp.TMX‐6 were enhanced slightly. The present study will help to explain the fate of TMX in the environment and its microbial degradation mechanism, as well as to facilitate future investigations of the mechanism through which TMX enhances plant vigor.     

也给它们留个家园

2010年上海世博会虽近尾声,但＂城市,让生活更美好＂这一主题却深入人心。在今后的几十年里,城市化将一直是中国发展的主要途径,而城市化发展的宗旨应该始终是＂让生活更美好＂。怎样的城市才能＂让生活更美好＂呢？当然是节能、低碳、可持续发展的城市,2010年上海世博会已经把这个主题诠释得十分明白清晰。加强节能减排、实现低碳生活,归根结底是为了保护生态环境,     

传统的“低碳”节能建筑

<正>建筑节能"今不如昔"中华民族历来有以家为中心的传统。无论是平民百姓"老婆、孩子、热炕头"的生活目标,还是社会精英"欲治其国者,先齐其家"的雄心壮志,都是以家为基础的。家又必须存在于能挡风遮雨、避暑御寒的住宅之内,由此可见住宅对于中国人来说是何等的重要。无怪乎,房价能够     

混合氢管道的腐蚀失效分析

针对原油劣质化导致蜡油加氢处理装置原料中硫、氮、氯等腐蚀性杂质含量增加,装置腐蚀风险增大等情况,通过分析加氢处理装置混合氢管道的腐蚀状况,试验测定了管道所处的环境中介质的腐蚀性杂质的类型和含量,分析了管道材料的化学成分,进行了管道材料的金相组织分析,以及腐蚀穿孔部位材料的电子显微分析和微区EDX分析,对管道内部的流体流动状态进行了模拟计算,确定了混合氢管道三通的腐蚀失效原因,提出了防止管道腐蚀失效的技术措施。     

温度对ANAMMOX生物膜工艺的脱氮影响与菌群结构分析

针对厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)工艺常低温运行问题,分别采用无纺布与改性聚氨酯泡沫塑料填料序批式生物膜反应器(sequence batch biofilm reactor,SBBR)处理含氮污水,考察了从35℃降至15℃过程的脱氮效果.结果表明,在进水氮容积负荷...     

水合氧化钛对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的试验研究

研究了水合氧化钛对水中Cr （Ⅵ）离子的吸附作用。结果表明，吸附过程符合Freundlich经验公式，最佳吸附PH值范围为2≤PH≤4，温度对吸附作用影响较小，采用NaOH溶液可使水合氧化钛的吸附能力得到较好再生。     

城市垃圾中生物质在热分析仪中燃烧的动力学模型研究

为了合理有效利用城市垃圾中的生物质能，实现城市垃圾的无害化、减量化、资源化利用，开发适合我国城市垃圾中生物质的焚烧技术，特地对昆明市城市垃圾中生物质进行了特性分析，并在热重分析天平上对其进行了动力学实验研究与分析。结果表明，城市垃圾中生物质的燃烧过程大致可以分为四个阶段，即脱水干燥阶段、挥发份的析出和燃烧阶段、过渡阶段和固定炭燃烧阶段。城市生活垃圾中生物质具有着火温度低、燃尽率高等特点。通过对热重（TG）、差示扫描曲线（DTA）的深入分析，对城市垃圾中生物质的燃烧动力学参数进行了研究，为实现城市垃圾无害化提供理论与技术的支持。     

Effects of forest management on soil carbon: results of some long-term resampling studies

The effects of harvest intensity (sawlog, SAW; whole tree, WTH; and complete tree, CTH) on biomass and soil C were studied in four forested sites in the southeastern US (mixed deciduous forests at Oak Ridge, TN and Coweeta, NC; Pinus taeda at Clemson, SC: and P. eliottii at Bradford, FL). In general, harvesting had no lasting effects on soil C. However, intensive temporal sampling at the NC and SC sites revealed short-term changes in soil C during the first few years after harvesting, and large, long-term increases in soil C were noted at the TN site in all treatments. Thus, changes in soil C were found even though lasting effects of harvest treatment were not. There were substantial differences in growth and biomass C responses to harvest treatments among sites. At the TN site, there were no differences in biomass at 15 years after harvest. At the SC site, greater biomass was found in the SAW than in the WTH treatment 16 years after harvest, and this effect is attributed to be due to both the N left on site in foliar residues and to the enhancement of soil physical and chemical properties by residues. At the FL site, greater biomass was found in the CTH than in the WTH treatment 15 years after harvest, and this effect is attributed to be due to differences in understory competition. Biomass data were not reported for NC. The effects of harvest treatment on ecosystem C are expected to magnify over time at the SC and FL sites as live biomass increases, whereas the current differences in ecosystem C at the TN site (which are due to the presence of undecomposed residues) are expected to lessen with time.     

磺胺嘧啶胁迫下作物根际微生物群落结构响应

为了研究在磺胺类兽药胁迫下,两种作物在不同生长期根际微生物群落结构的响应,采用室内根际箱培养实验,测定玉米、小麦根际微界面土壤磷脂脂肪酸的量,研究在磺胺嘧啶（SD）胁迫下,不同作物根际土壤微界面微生物群落结构的空间变化.结果表明,SD对根际微生物活性的有抑制作用,且强度随浓度增加而增强.同一浓度SD作用下,根际微界面微生物生物量不同,在实验中,根际3mm和根室的微生物生物量最大,且二者之间差异不显著.不同微生物对根际效应敏感程度不同,细菌、革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌、蓝细菌和硫酸盐还原菌根际效应明显.在SD胁迫下,根际不同微界面土壤微生物群落结构变化明显.细菌、G⁺、G^-、放线菌的生物量,随SD浓度升高而下降,主要表现为抑制效应,而对真菌生物量则表现为激活效应,生物量增加. 小麦根际土壤真菌：细菌（F/B）随SD浓度的升高,比值增大,在高浓度（5mg/kg）胁迫下,F/B比值最大（0.74）,与对照差异显著（P < 0.05）,说明土壤污染修复能力增强,而sat/mono比值在高浓度SD胁迫下降低,说明微生物群落结构向有利于SD降解的方向转化.根际效应有助于SD的降解,在1mg/kg SD作用下,小麦根际土壤降解率为7.01%,而非根际土壤降解率仅为2.49%,不同作物表现出的根际效应强弱不同,玉米根际效应强于小麦.