A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF A SWEDISH AND A CHINESE HYDROLOGICAL MODEL1

ABSTRACT: There are a large number of conceptual hydrological models available today. It is not easy to immediately identify the similarities and differences between the different models. The Swedish HBV model and the Chinese Xinanjiang model are two examples of conceptual, semi-distributed, rainfall-runoff models. The Xinanjiang model was designed for use in humid and semi-humid regions, with no routine for the snowmelt runoff, whereas the snow routine is an important part of the HBV model in many applications. The model structures of the two models may be described in four routines, compared in this paper. The integral structures of them are similar, but there are some differences, especially in the runoff production routine. The physical significance and physical definitions of some model parameters were analyzed. Both models were tested in two basins. Both models gave similar results, and both models performed well in the application. The similarity of the results obtained by different model structures leads to the following two conclusions. First, more effort should probably be spent on the improvement of input data quality and coverage than on the development of more detailed model structures only. Second, inference about basin behavior and characteristics from the values of calibrated model parameters must be made with great caution.     

用灰色模型预测我国铁路水害发展趋势

根据近１５ａ来我国铁路水害年断道时间和断道次数的数据特点，将不同程度水害年分为三个等级。在此基础上，建立了铁路水害的灰色预测模型。并用此模型预测了近期铁路水害大小和远期的发展趋势。这对于我国铁路水害防治的宏观决策具有指导意义。     

施工企业安全文化的核心——保护员工的安全与健康

分析了企业安全文化的发展和施工安全的特点，围绕企业目标、市场占有率、生产成本、企业形象、经济效益等内容，论述了保护员工安全与健康是施工企业安全文化的核心     

北京市2006年9月至10月火灾简析

今年9至10月份,本市共发生火灾859起,死2人,伤7人,直接财产损失105万余元.与去年同比,除火灾死人持平外,其余三项指标均是下降的,其中火灾次数减少100起,下降10.4%,伤人减少5人,下降41.7%,直接财产损失减少27万元,下降20.5%.     

韩国人的"农心哲学"

漫步在韩国首都汉城街头，鳞次栉比的高楼大厦、琳琅满目的地下商街、步履匆匆的地铁人流，以及拼命追逐时尚的都市少女，这一切都告诉你，韩国已步入新兴工业化国家之列。但是，只要花一点时间，用眼睛和头脑深入韩国社会就会发现，其实韩国是一个农民的国家。     

Tillage erosion and its effect on soil properties and crop yield in Denmark

Tillage erosion had been identified as a major process of soil redistribution on sloping arable land. The objectives of our study were to investigate the extent of tillage erosion and its effect on soil quality and productivity under Danish conditions. Soil samples were collected to a 0.45-m depth on a regular grid from a 1.9-ha site and analyzed for 137Cs inventories, as a measure of soil redistribution, soil texture, soil organic carbon (SOC) contents, and phosphorus (P) contents. Grain yield was determined at the same sampling points. Substantial soil redistribution had occurred during the past decades, mainly due to tillage. Average tillage erosion rates of 2.7 kg m(-2) yr(-1) occurred on the shoulderslopes, while deposition amounted to 1.2 kg m(-2) yr(-1) on foot- and toeslopes. The pattern of soil redistribution could not be explained by water erosion. Soil organic carbon and P contents in soil profiles increased from the shoulder- toward the toeslopes. Tillage translocation rates were strongly correlated with SOC contents, A-horizon depth, and P contents. Thus, tillage erosion had led to truncated soils on shoulderslopes and deep, colluvial soils on the foot- and toeslopes, substantially affecting within-field variability of soil properties. We concluded that tillage erosion has important implications for SOC dynamics on hummocky land and increases the risk for nutrient losses by overland flow and leaching. Despite the occurrence of deep soils across the study area, evidence suggested that crop productivity was affected by tillage-induced soil redistribution. However, tillage erosion effects on crop yield were confounded by topography-yield relationships.     

液固比对含重金属水泥熟料制品中重金属释放的影响

通过模拟煅烧试验制取水泥熟料,参照JGJ 55-2000（《普通混凝土配比设计规程》）制取混凝土样品,参考SR003.1和NEN 7375浸出试验,分别研究液固比对粒状及块状混凝土样品中重金属（Cr、Ni和As）释放的影响。结果表明,在不同液固比条件下粒状混凝土中的重金属浸出浓度为Cr>Ni>As,Cr、As浸出浓度基本保持不变,分别为2 500 μg/L左右和5～6 μg/L,Ni在液固比（L∶S）<6时,浸出浓度随着液固比的增加而降低,在L∶S>6时,浸出浓度较稳定,为35.7～41.5 μg/L;浸出量均随着液固比的增加而增大。液固比（L∶S）<10时,块状混凝土中重金属累积释放量及扩散系数均随液固比的增加而增大,当L∶S>10时两者基本保持不变。     

河南省旱涝灾害的地域分异规律和减灾对策研究

河南省地处我国南北气候过渡地带,自古以来就以旱涝灾害频繁而著称。根据旱涝灾害的地域分异特点,可将全省分为五个区。减轻旱涝灾害的主要措施是:加强水利建设,进一步开发地下水;扩大引黄灌溉、抗旱、补源面积;走旱作农业的道路,广泛提高农田抗灾水平。     

基于GIS的上海市嘉定区暴雨积涝灾害风险区划研究

根据2006-2012年上海嘉定区9个气象站点的小时降水资料,结合嘉定区的社会经济与自然地理要素,构建一个集致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体及防灾减灾能力为一体的区域暴雨积涝风险评价模型。通过GIS技术实现各指标的栅格化,并利用指数模型对各因子基于500 m×500 m栅格的基本单元进行计算,编制嘉定区的暴雨积涝灾害风险区划图,构成嘉定区五个等级的风险,分别为高、次高、中等、次低和低。区划结果表明嘉定区的暴雨积涝灾害危险性指数从中心向外围成递减的趋势,且嘉定镇、新城和工业南区相对风险较高,华亭、徐行、南航和江桥风险相对较低。经嘉定区历年暴雨积涝灾情资料、典型暴雨积涝案例和专家的验证,均表明风险区划的结果和实际灾情符合度较高,对嘉定暴雨积涝的防灾减灾具有重要的现实指导意义。     

活性污泥法处理矿区生活污水剩余污泥量探讨

由于矿区生活污水中有机污染物浓度较低,采用活性污泥法处理工艺,有机污染物在生物氧化池内得到较彻底地降解,剩余污泥量少,每千吨生活污水产生剩余污泥量为2～3t。