雷电带来的灾害

雷电是自然界中一种异常激烈的声、光、电现象。它产生于雷雨云中荷电中心与大地之间的放电过程,也可产生于云中或云际正负荷电中心之间的放电过程。前者是地闪,后者是云闪。雷电放电过程形成强大的闪电电流,其峰值通常为上万安培,有时高达20万安培,同时辐射强烈的电磁波和强光,震荡冲击波发出雷声。雷击,每年导致世界上成千上万人丧命,电力、建筑、森林、航空航天、电信通讯遭受严重破坏,导致国家和人民生命财产遭受重大损失。     

北京增干旱、雷电、霾三种灾害天预警

能即时发布信息的公共设施,都将发布气象灾害预警信号.2007年7月14日下午,北京市气象局首席预报员孙继松在介绍<北京市气象灾害预警信号与防御指南>时说,北京将利用现有公共设施扩大气象灾害预警信号发布的覆盖面,让更多的人能及时了解天气变化.     

梵净山不同森林植被生物量、净生产量、碳储量及空间分布特征

为做好梵净山国家级自然保护区森林植被保护,摸清自然保护区森林植被资源家底,采用2016年第四次森林资源规划设计调查数据及变更至2019年的森林资源数据,计算和分析保护区内森林植被生物量、净生产量、碳储量.梵净山8种森林类型的总生物量为443.72×104 t,总碳储量为219.80×104 t,总生长量为29.75×1...     

抗生素废水的铁屑微电解预处理研究

研究了采用铁屑微电解法预处理抗生素废水.在进水COD质量浓度为6.2 g/L时,试验结果表明,经微电解处理后的废水,COD和色度的去除率分别达到68.3%和79.3%,BOD5/COD从0.306提高到0.56,废水的可生化性得到显著提高.通过正交试验考察pH、反应时间及铁屑用量对处理效果的影响,并对各因素作了单因素影响试验,确定了最佳工艺条件.     

Low cost measurements of nitrogen and sulphur dry deposition velocities at a semi-alpine site: gradient measurements and a comparison with deposition model estimates

The conditional time averaged gradient method was used to measure air-surface exchange of nitrogen and sulphur compounds at a semi-alpine site in Southern Norway. Dry deposition velocities were then obtained from the bi-weekly concentration gradient measurements. Annual deposition velocities were found to be 1.4, 11.8 and 4.0 mm s(-1) for NH3, HNO3 and SO2, respectively, if all data were included, and to be 10.8, 11.8 and 13.0 mm s(-1), respectively, if only positive values were included. Measured deposition velocities were compared to two sets of values estimated from a big-leaf dry deposition module applying to two different land types (short grass and forbs, and tundra), driven by measured micrometeorological parameters. The deposition module gives reasonable values for this site throughout the year, but does not reproduce the large variability as shown in the measured data. No apparent seasonal variations were found from either measurements or module estimates due to the very low productivity of the studied area.     

Effect of two major N-nitroso hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) metabolites on earthworm reproductive success

Soil and topical tests were employed to investigate the effect of two N-nitroso metabolites of RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) on earthworm reproduction. The lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) for cocoon production and hatching was 50mg/kg for both hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX) in soil. MNX and TNX also significantly affected cocoon hatching in soil (p<0.001) and in topical tests (p=0.001). The LOECs for cocoon hatching were 1 and 10mg/kg for MNX and TNX in soil, respectively, and 10mg/L in the topical test. Greater than 100mg/kg MNX and TNX completely inhibited cocoon hatching. In soil, the EC20 values for MNX were 8.7 and 8.8mg/kg for cocoon and juvenile production, respectively, compared to 9.2 and 9.1mg/kg for TNX, respectively. The EC20 values for the total number of cocoon hatchlings were 3.1 and 4.7mg/kg for MNX and TNX, respectively, in soil and 4.5 and 3.1mg/L in the topical test. Both MNX and TNX inhibited cocoon production and hatching, suggesting that they may have a negative affect on soil ecosystems at contaminated sites.     

A directional passive air sampler for monitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air mass

A passive air sampler was developed for collecting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air mass from various directions. The airflow velocity within the sampler was assessed for its responses to ambient wind speed and direction. The sampler was examined for trapped particles, evaluated quantitatively for influence of airflow velocity and temperature on PAH uptake, examined for PAH uptake kinetics, calibrated against active sampling, and finally tested in the field. The airflow volume passing the sampler was linearly proportional to ambient wind speed and sensitive to wind direction. The uptake rate for an individual PAH was a function of airflow velocity, temperature and the octanol-air partitioning coefficient of the PAH. For all PAHs with more than two rings, the passive sampler operated in a linear uptake phase for three weeks. Different PAH concentrations were obtained in air masses from different directions in the field test.     

Potentially toxic metal contamination of urban soils and roadside dust in Shanghai, China

A detailed investigation was conducted to understand the contamination characteristics of a selected set of potentially toxic metals in Shanghai. The amount of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd and Ni were determined from 273 soil/dust samples collected within urban area. The results indicated that concentration of all metals except Ni in soils was significant, and metal pollution was even severer in roadside dust. A series of metal spatial distribution maps were created through geostatistical analysis, and the pollution hotspots tended to associate with city core area, major road junctions, and the regions close to industrial zones. In attempt of identifying the source of metals through geostatistical and multivariate statistical analyses, it was concluded as follows: Pb, Zn and Cu mainly originated from traffic contaminants; soil Ni was associated with natural concentration; Cd largely came from point-sourced industrial pollution; and Cr, Ni in dust were mainly related to atmospheric deposition.     

硝基修饰的超高交联树脂对酚类化合物的吸附研究

对超高交联聚苯乙烯树脂进行硝基修饰,制得硝基修饰超高交联聚苯乙烯树脂JN-5(简称JN-5).JN-5树脂具有比表面积高、亲水性强等优点.对酚类化合物在水溶液中进行静态吸附研究,平衡吸附试验数据和吸附热力学计算结果都表明,JN-5对4种酚类化合物(对甲基苯酚、苯酚、对氯苯酚、对硝基苯酚)的吸附性能优于大孔吸附树脂XAD-4.这主要得益于JN-5的高比表面积和丰富的微孔结构.动态小柱吸附试验中,在流速4.77mL/h、303K的条件下,JN-5对苯酚的穿透吸附量为2.43mmol/g,总吸附量为3.26mmol/g,吸附后的树脂能用8%(质量分数)的NaOH溶液完全洗脱.     

矿化垃圾混配种植介质的盆栽实验研究

矿化垃圾营养成分和有机质含量较高,但含有重金属和盐分.为了解矿化垃圾的施加比例对植物的生长影响以及植物对矿化垃圾混配种植介质中营养成分的吸收和重金属的富集,将矿化垃圾和本地绿化土按照不同比例混配,研究混配种植介质的理化性质的改善条件、矿化垃圾对植物体内的生物量和叶绿素含量的影响、植物对混配种植介质中营养成分的吸收量以及植物体内各种重金属累积浓度,探索矿化垃圾的最佳施用比例.实验结果表明,矿化垃圾可改善上海本地土壤贫瘠的普遍状况,其添加质量分数在50%～75%合适,对植物生长有利.