1947年广东大水灾及地方政府应对——以《广东全省水灾紧急救助委员会会刊》为中心的考察

1947年夏,广东省遭遇数十年来罕见特大水灾,给全省人民的生命和财产带来了不可估量的巨大损失,同时也引起了广东省地方政府的密切关注.面对突如其来的灾害,广东省政府在第一时间内成立广东省水灾紧急救助委员会,具体负责灾后救助与重建事宜.此次水灾,广东省地方政府有力作为,发挥了上下联动、内外配合的优势,在勘灾、筹募、赈济等环节形成一套较为完备的应对机制,弥补了中央政府在特殊时期由于兵祸连年,财政匮乏而导致应灾机制的不足,一定程度上收到较好的效果.     

武汉市儿童多途径铅暴露风险评估

在武汉市区设置70个采样点,采集土壤、灰尘、大气及食品样品.根据美国EPA推荐的儿童铅暴露参数,应用美国EPA人体暴露风险评估方法对武汉市儿童多途径铅暴露进行了风险评估,结果表明,武汉市区儿童每天的铅暴露量为1.20×10-3mg.（kg.d）-1.经消化道途径是儿童摄入铅的主要途径,其暴露量为1.04×10-3mg.（kg.d）-1,其次为经呼吸道途径及皮肤吸收途径,其暴露量分别为0.153×10-3mg.（kg.d）-1和8.56×10-7mg.（kg.d）-1.在消化道途径中,摄入土壤或灰尘铅暴露量占占总暴露量的52.0%,通过消化道途径摄入土壤或灰尘是最主要的暴露途径.用Monte Carlo法进行模拟,在消化道途径中,通过摄取土壤铅暴露量为2.48×10-2mg.d-1.超过JECFA指定的PTDI的概率为2.1%.风险水平R计算结果表明,从消化道、呼吸道、皮肤吸收这3个途径的铅暴露风险均小于最大可接受风险水平5.0×10-5,其中经过皮肤吸收途径的铅暴露风险值小于可忽略风险水平1×10-8.应用Kriging插值法获得武汉市中心城区儿童铅日暴露量的空间分布,运用指示Kriging方法获得了武汉市儿童铅暴露危险指数图,显示武汉市青山区及江岸区儿童铅暴露水平较高.     

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1对硫化汞的生物利用性研究

在实验室模拟条件下,研究了铁还原菌奥奈达希瓦式菌Shewanella oneidensis MR-1对固态硫化汞的生物溶解、生物甲基化作用及其影响因素.结果表明,铁还原菌S.oneidensis MR-1在含硫培养基中生长良好,低浓度硫素能够促进其生长,高浓度时细菌生长则受到抑制,这种抑制主要表现在菌株生长曲线迟缓期的延长;铁还原菌S.oneidensis MR-1能够利用固态硫化汞,促进其溶解并迅速进行汞甲基化;在S.oneidensis MR-1的耐硫化物范围内,菌株对硫化汞的生物溶解作用随着硫化钠浓度的增大而增强,但生物甲基化作用只在低浓度硫化钠时受到促进,硫化钠浓度过高时则会受到抑制;此外,弱酸性环境比酸性及中碱性的环境更有利于S.oneidensis MR-1对硫化汞的生物溶解及甲基化.     

麦草及其烟尘中正构烷烃的组成

在明火和闷烧条件下对6种麦草进行焚烧试验,用GC/MS测定了秸秆和烟尘中正构烷烃的组成.结果表明,从麦秆和烟尘中检出的正构烷烃主要是C16~C33.麦秸中正构烷烃的总含量变化范围是19.6~62.3 mg·kg-1,平均值为36.0mg·kg-1.低碳数(碳数相似文献   

沉积物中雌激素及壬基酚、辛基酚、双酚A的测定

近些年来雌激素及烷基酚类化合物由于其对水生生物的内分泌干扰作用越来越受到广泛关注.沉积物作为环境中有机污染物的重要储存库,研究目标物在其中的浓度分布对于探明此类物质在环境中的迁移转化具有重要意义.但沉积物中基质组成复杂而雌激素又痕量存在,这增加了前处理的难度.本研究从雌激素及烷基酚类化合物的理化性质入手,采用碱液提取、液液萃取和LC-MS/MS分析测定沉积物样品中的雌激素及壬基酚、辛基酚、双酚A.结果表明,经过优化的方法对7种目标物的回收率介于61.9%～93.7%之间.该方法能有效去除沉积物中那些不溶于强碱和既溶于酸又溶于碱的有机污染物,同时操作简单、成本低,但回收率高、检出限低,可广泛适用于河流沉积物样品及土壤样品的前处理.     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对铜镉的吸附特性与离子交换

研究了投菌量、金属浓度和戊二醛浓度对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌吸附水体中Cu2+和Cd2+特性的影响,分析了重金属生物吸附、NO3-去除与菌体离子释放的关联,从离子吸附、交换、转化与释放的角度探讨了重金属生物吸附机制.结果表明嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对Cu2+和Cd2+吸附性能良好,0.2 g·L-1干重菌体处理浓度为0.05 mmol·L-1的Cu(NO3)2和Cd(NO3)2溶液120 min后,Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附率分别达96.3%和83.9%.菌体对Cu(NO3)2和Cd(NO3)2溶液的吸附过程存在Cu2+和Cd2+的表面吸附与胞内运输、NO3-胞内积累、NO3-还原为NO2-等行为,而且Cu2+和Cd2+的胞内运输、NO3-积累和还原需要消耗能量,并会促进Cl-、PO43-、SO42-、Na+、NH4+、K+和Ca2+等离子的释放.红外光谱分析表明菌体酰胺基、羟基与羧基均参与了Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附.X-光电子能谱分析显示吸附后Cu2+和Cd2+的价态不发生变化.     

Investigation of low-molecular weight organic acids and their spatiotemporal variation characteristics in Hongfeng Lake, China

The identities and concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) were determined by ion chromatography throughout a 20-m water column in Hongfeng Lake, China. The spatiotemporal variations of LMWOAs and their contributions to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a research period of 24 hr were also investigated. The results demonstrated that five LMWOAs (lactic, acetic, pyruvic, sorbic, oxalic acid) were detected, and their total concentration and proportion in DOC were 6.55 μmol/L and 7.47%. Their average levels were 2.50, 0.65, 2.35, 0.96 and 0.09 μmol/L, respectively. LMWOAs were higher during daytime (10:00-18:00 on Jun 13, 2008) than nighttime (21:00-6:00 the next morning), in particular 4.99 μmol/L high in the epilimnion ( 1 m water depth), reflecting the fact that direct import from terrigenous sources and photochemical production from humic materials were dominant during LMWOAs’ origin and accumulation. The same factors caused LMWOAs to be 0.63 μmol/L in the epilimnion higher than in the hypolimnion. The rapid decrease of total organic acid (TOA) up until 18:00 mainly resulted from bio-uptake and mineralization in the hypolimnion (>1 m water depth). Pyruvic acid increased with time in the epilimnion and decreased in the hypolimnion, largely related to the two contrary processes of continuous degradation and synthesis of macromolecular organic matter during life materials’ cycle mediated by organisms. Simultaneously, plankton behavior and thermal stratification played a pivotal role in LMWOAs’ behavior in the water column, causing decreasing and increasing profiles. The distribution of LMWOAs represents an interesting resource for biogeochemical research of DOM in aquatic ecosystems.     

泥龄对A~2O工艺去除多环麝香的影响

研究了A2O工艺不同污泥龄(Sludge retention time,SRT)条件下中佳乐麝香(Galaxolide,HHCB)与吐纳麝香(Tonalide,AHTN)的去除和迁移的变化情况。采用固相萃取与气相质谱联用的方法对各池中水相与泥相中HHCB和AHTN的浓度进行分析。结果发现:A2O工艺对HHCB的去除效果好于AHTN。高SRT条件(15,20 d)下HHCB、AHTN的总去除率明显小于低SRT条件(5,10 d)下的总去除率。     

地质雷达在监测地下水石油烃污染中的应用

随着我国工业迅速发展,石油烃污染威胁地下水安全问题逐渐暴露出来。地质雷达作为一种非破坏性的原位探测技术在国外已广泛应用于地下水监测,由于石油烃在地质雷达图谱上通常显示出高阻异常特征,这为探测地下水中的石油烃污染提供了可能。简述了地质雷达探测石油烃的原理,探测效果的影响因素,并列举了部分国外实例,证实了地质雷达探测地下水石油烃污染的可行性。     

Differences in rheological and fractal properties of conditioned and raw sewage sludge

Rheological tests for raw and conditioned activated sludge(AS) or anaerobic digested sludge(ADS) show that power-law relationships can be used to describe the evolution of several rheological parameters,i.e.,limiting viscosity(η∞),yield stress(τy),cohesion energy of the sludge network(Ec),and storage modulus(G’),with total suspended solid(TSS) content in raw and conditioned sludge.A gel-like structure that behaves similar to weak-link flocs/aggregates was observed in AS and ADS.As derived from the double-logarithmic plots of G’-TSS content,the mass fractal dimensions of the raw and conditioned AS or ADS flocs/aggregates were 2.70 and 2.53 or 2.85 and 2.79,respectively.The rheological tests also indicate that both polymer conditioning and increased TSS content led to improved elastic behavior,cohesion energy,and yield stress of the sludge network,as well as expanded the corresponding linear viscoelastic range.The porosity of AS or ADS flocs/aggregates will be improved by polymer conditioning.