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131.
Lammel G Klöpffer W Semeena VS Schmidt E Leip A 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(3):153-165
Background, Aim and Scope Modelling of the fate of environmental chemicals can be done by relatively simple multi-media box models or using complex
atmospheric transport models. It was the aim of this work to compare the results obtained for both types of models using a
small set of non-ionic and non-polar or moderately polar organic chemicals, known to be distributed over long distances.
Materials and Methods Predictions of multimedia exposure models of different types, namely three multimedia mass-balance box models (MBMs), two
in the steady state and one in the non-steady state mode, and one non-steady state multicompartment chemistry-atmospheric
transport model (MCTM), are compared for the first time. The models used are SimpleBox, Chemrange, the MPI-MBM and the MPI-MCTM.
The target parameters addressed are compartmental distributions (i.e. mass fractions in the compartments), overall environmental
residence time (i.e. overall persistence and eventually including other final sinks, such as loss to the deep sea) and a measure
for the long-range transport potential. These are derived for atrazine, benz-[a]-pyrene, DDT, α and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane,
methyl parathion and various modes of substance entry into the model world.
Results and Discussion Compartmental distributions in steady state were compared. Steady state needed 2–10 years to be established in the MCTM. The
highest fraction of the substances in air is predicted by the MCTM. Accordingly, the other models predict longer substance
persistence in most cases. The results suggest that temperature affects the compartmental distribution more in the box models,
while it is only one among many climate factors acting in the transport model. The representation of final sinks in the models,
e.g. burial in the sediment, is key for model-based compartmental distribution and persistence predictions. There is a tendency
of MBMs to overestimate substance sinks in air and to underestimate atmospheric transport velocity as a consequence of the
neglection of the temporal and spatial variabilities of these parameters. Therefore, the long-range transport potential in
air derived from MCTM simulations exceeds the one from Chemrange in most cases and least for substances which undergo slow
degradation in air.
Conclusions and Perspectives MBMs should be improved such as to ascertain that the significance of the atmosphere for the multicompartmental cycling is
not systematically underestimated. Both types of models should be improved such as to cover degradation in air in the particle-bound
state and transport via ocean currents. A detailed understanding of the deviations observed in this work and elsewhere should
be gained and multimedia fate box models could then be ‘tuned in’ to match better the results of comprehensive multicompartmental
transport models.
ESS-Submission Editor: Prof. Dr. Michael Matthies (matthies@uos.de) 相似文献
132.
Černoch I Fránek M Diblíková I Hilscherová K Randák T Ocelka T Bláha L 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(1):250-257
Sulfonamide antibiotics coming from both human and veterinary medicine are among the most common emerging pollutants in freshwater. The present paper shows the successful application of passive sampling using POCIS in combination with an immunochemical ELISA technique and HPLC/MS/MS analysis to study the distribution of sulfonamides in streams around small towns in the Czech Republic, as well as around a major agglomeration of the city of Brno, including its waste water treatment plant (WWTP). Results indicated the presence of sulfonamides at most studied sites with concentrations ranging from <20 up to 736 ng of sulfamethoxazole equivalents per POCIS. Very high levels were detected in both the influent and effluent of the Brno WWTP with maxima > 8000 ng SMX per POCIS. All samplers collected down-stream of the studied towns and WWTPs clearly showed an increase in sulfonamide drug residues. Higher concentrations were determined in rivers at the city of Brno agglomeration. In agreement with other available studies, these findings indicate low efficiency of conventional WWTPs to eliminate polar pharmaceuticals such as sulfonamides. Good performance and correlation with the LC/MS results, as well as ease of use, indicate good potential for the immunochemical ELISA technique to become the screening tool for sulfonamide determination in surface waters including passive samplers. 相似文献
133.
Tatjana Kuznetsova Malle Mandre Jaan Klõšeiko Henn Pärn 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,166(1-4):257-265
The growth of Scots pine and its suitability for afforestation of post-mining landscapes in Northeast Estonia were assessed in comparative analytical studies by using morphological parameters and mineral nutrition characteristics. The growth and nutrient uptake of Scots pine growing on post-mining substrate were compared with the characteristics of pines of the same age (22–23 years) in a Calluna forest site type predominant in North Estonia in similar climatic zone. Results of the analyses of soil upper layers showed that the concentration of N and P in soil did not differ between the opencast spoil and Calluna site, but significantly higher pH of soil and concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg were found in mine spoil. The concentrations of K and Mg in needles were significantly higher in the post-mining area, but the concentrations of N, P, and Ca did not differ significantly. Comparison of the needle nutrient concentration with the standard for optimum concentrations revealed P deficit in the post-mining area and P and K deficit in the Calluna site. Scots pine formed longer and thinner needles and shoots in the post-mining substrate than in the Calluna site. It was assumed that in the post-mining area the growth of pines is predominantly dependent on K and Ca concentrations in their tissues as the biomass of needles was strongly correlated with the K/Ca ratio, whereas the biomass in the Calluna site was correlated with the N/P ratio. The height and diameter of trees were significantly larger in the post-mining area. 相似文献
134.
Barbora Jarošová Anita Erseková Klára Hilscherová Robert Loos Bernd M. Gawlik John P. Giesy Ludek Bláha 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(18):10970-10982
A pan-European monitoring campaign of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents was conducted to obtain a concise picture on a broad range of pollutants including estrogenic compounds. Snapshot samples from 75 WWTP effluents were collected and analysed for concentrations of 150 polar organic and 20 inorganic compounds as well as estrogenicity using the MVLN reporter gene assay. The effect-based assessment determined estrogenicity in 27 of 75 samples tested with the concentrations ranging from 0.53 to 17.9 ng/L of 17-beta-estradiol equivalents (EEQ). Approximately one third of municipal WWTP effluents contained EEQ greater than 0.5 ng/L EEQ, which confirmed the importance of cities as the major contamination source. Beside municipal WWTPs, some treated industrial wastewaters also exhibited detectable EEQ, indicating the importance to investigate phytoestrogens released from plant processing factories. No steroid estrogens were detected in any of the samples by instrumental methods above their limits of quantification of 10 ng/L, and none of the other analysed classes of chemicals showed correlation with detected EEQs. The study demonstrates the need of effect-based monitoring to assess certain classes of contaminants such as estrogens, which are known to occur at low concentrations being of serious toxicological concern for aquatic biota. 相似文献
135.
Jiří Novák John P. Giesy Jana Klánová Klára Hilscherová 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(9):6620-6627
Chemicals in air were characterized for potential interference with signaling of estrogen, androgen, and arylhydrocarbon (AhR) receptors, which are known to play an important role in endocrine-disruptive changes in vivo. Previously, effects of this type have been studied mainly in particulate matter in the ambient air from various localities. In this study, both volatile and particulate fractions of air from three sites in Banja Luka region (Bosnia and Herzegovina) were investigated to describe the distribution of endocrine-disrupting contaminants on a small spatial scale. Circadian variability of air pollution was investigated by collecting samples during both day and night. Air samples collected from urban localities at night were more potent in producing the AhR-mediated effects than those collected during daytime. This trend was not observed at the reference rural location. None of the samples showed significant estrogenic or androgenic activity. On the other hand, anti-androgenicity was detected in both particulate and vapor phases, while anti-estrogenicity was detected only in the particulate fraction of air from all localities. The AhR-mediated potencies of samples were associated primarily with non-persistent compounds. Based on the concentrations of 28 individual compounds, PAHs accounted for approximately 30 % of the AhR-mediated potency determined by the bioassay. The results show that there can be a significant difference between levels of bioactive compounds in air between daytime and nighttime. 相似文献
136.
Persistent organic pollutants in soils and sediments from James Ross Island, Antarctica 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Klánová J Matykiewiczová N Mácka Z Prosek P Láska K Klán P 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,152(2):416-423
Soil and sediment samples from James Ross Island were analyzed for their PCB, OCP and PAH contents. Soil concentrations ranged between 0.51 and 1.82 ng g(-1) for seven indicator PCB congeners, between 0.49 and 1.34 ng g(-1) for HCH congeners, between 0.51 and 3.68 ng g(-1) for the sum of p,p'-DDT, DDE, and DDD, and between 34.9 and 171 ng g(-1) for the sum of 16 EPA PAHs. Sediment levels from 0.32 to 0.83 ng g(-1) were found for PCBs, from 0.14 to 0.76 ng g(-1) for HCHs, from 0.19 to 1.15 ng g(-1) for DDTs, and from 1.4 to 205 ng g(-1) for PAHs. A prevalence of low-mass PAHs, less chlorinated PCBs, and more volatile chemicals indicates that the long-range atmospheric transport from populated areas of Africa, South America, and Australia is the most probable contamination source for the solid matrices in James Ross Island. 相似文献
137.
Gulchohra Aliyeva Carrie Amber Sinnott-Clark Ondřej Audy Lenka Škrdlíková Petr Kukučka Jana Klánová Crispin Halsall 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2018,25(32):31863-31873
PBDEs were measured in air and soil across Azerbaijan to establish contemporary concentrations at 13 urban and rural sites. Polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) were deployed for a period of a month with surface soil samples collected at the same sites. Unlike organochlorine pesticides previously surveyed by our group, PBDE concentrations in both contemporary air and soil were low in comparison to recent European and Asian studies. For example, mean ∑9PBDE concentrations in air and soil were 7.13 ± 1.66 pg m?3 and 168 ± 57 pg g?1, respectively. The fully brominated BDE-209 was the most abundant congener observed in soil (174.8 ± 58.5 pg g?1), comprising ~ 96% of ∑10PBDE. However, the PAS-derived air concentrations for highly brominated congeners must be viewed with caution as there is uncertainty over the uptake rates of particle-bound chemicals using these devices. Some of the highest concentrations in air were observed at sites with the highest wind speeds and at several remote locations in the north of the country and this requires further research. Levels of BDE-47 and 99 (the two most abundant congeners in the widely used penta-formulation) were lower than levels reported elsewhere suggesting limited use/import of the penta-BDE formulation in Azerbaijan. 相似文献
138.
The Role of Wood Material for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
L. Gustavsson R. Madlener H.-F. Hoen G. Jungmeier T. Karjalainen S. KlÖhn K. Mahapatra J. Pohjola B. Solberg H. Spelter 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(5-6):1097-1127
Based on an interdisciplinary perspective the role of wood as a carbon sink, as a multi-purpose material, and as a renewable energy source for the net reduction of greenhouse gases is discussed. We synthesize aspects from engineering, natural and social sciences to better understand the role of wood substitution in CO2 mitigation. We also formulate some recommendations on filling knowledge gaps that could be useful for policy making regarding how wood substitution could be further expanded. There are sufficient wood resources to substantially increase the use of wood for material and energy purposes. However, a number of factors hinder a wider use of wood for energy and material purposes. Furthermore, an analysis of wood substitution is a very complex issue, since the substitution influencing factors are to be found along the entire wood supply chain and involve several industries, socio-economic and cultural aspects, traditions, price dynamics, and structural and technical change. To improve the knowledge about wood as a substitute for other resources and the implications, it would be helpful to better integrate research from different disciplines on the subject and to cover different scales from a project to an economy-wide level. 相似文献
139.
140.
Part II: Persistence and Degradability of Organic Chemicals The criteria “Persistence” and “Degradability” are defined and explained, starting from the “functional” definition of the environment. In this definition, theenvironment is the counterpart of thetechnosphere, which consists of all processes controlled by man. A substance is persistent if there are no sinks (degradation processes). It is shown that persistence is the central and most important critérium of environmental hazard assessment of organic chemicals. It follows that all substances released into the environment should be degradable, preferentially into small inorganic molecules (mineralization). As examples for persistent substances, the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), the chlorofluorohydrocarbons (CFC), bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-dioxin (TCDD) are discussed. Finally, an attempt to quantify persistence is made. 相似文献