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91.
Land Management Versus Natural Factors in Land Instability: Some Examples in Northern Spain 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Viola Maria Bruschi Jaime Bonachea Juan Remondo Jose Gómez-Arozamena Victoria Rivas Matteo Barbieri Stefano Capocchi Mauro Soldati Antonio Cendrero 《Environmental management》2013,52(2):398-416
The objective of this work is to test a hypothesis formulated on the basis of former results which considers that there might be a “global geomorphic change,” due to activities related to land management and not determined by climate change, which could be causing an acceleration of geomorphic processes. Possible relationships between some geomorphic processes related to land instability (landslides or sediment generation) and potential triggering factors are analyzed in study areas in northern Spain. The analysis is based on landslide inventories covering different periods, as well as the determination of sedimentation rates. Temporal landslide and sedimentation rate trends are compared with different indicators of human activities (land-use change, logging, forest fires) and with potential natural triggers (rainfall, seismicity). The possible influence of the road network in the distribution of landslides is also analyzed. Results obtained show that there is a general increase of both landslide and sedimentation rates with time that cannot be explained satisfactorily by observed rainfall trends and even less by seismicity. Land-use change appears to be by far the main factor leading to land instability, with some changes producing up to a 12-fold increase of landslide rate. A relationship between road network and the spatial distribution of landslides has also been observed. These results do confirm the existence of an acceleration of geomorphic processes in the region, and also suggest that climate-related factors play a limited role in the changes observed. 相似文献
92.
Philip W. West J. Jaime Chiang 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):671-673
A method is described for determining acidity by means of the spectrophotometric determination of the displacement of the equilibrium of açid-base indicators. The method is simple, sensitive and free of known interferences. There is no dependence on costly or sophisticated equipment and the results obtained are reliable and reproducible. 相似文献
93.
94.
Octavio Cota-Arriola Mario Onofre Cortez-Rocha Josafat Marina Ezquerra-Brauer Jaime Lizardi-Mendoza Armando Burgos-Hernández Rosario Maribel Robles-Sánchez Maribel Plascencia-Jatomea 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2013,21(4):971-980
Recent studies have demonstrated the antibacterial effect of micro and nanoparticles of chitosan (CS) crosslinked with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), and incorporating metallic ions, bringing that the size, shape, and zeta potential are related to the antimicrobial potential. However, there are few studies on the antifungal activity and the effect of TPP on the antimicrobial potential. Micro and nanoparticles were prepared from CS by ionotropic gelation with TPP, and structurally characterized by transmission and scanning electron spectroscopy, and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. Depending on the concentration of CS and TPP, spherical particles were obtained from 80 nm to 20 μm. Subsequently, particles were evaluated for their antifungal potential against Aspergillus parasiticus assessing radial growth, spore germination, and morphological changes. An increase in the antifungal potential compared with CS in solution was observed, inhibiting the development of the fungus causing clear morphological changes in both, hyphae and spores. Particle size and the availability of functional groups of CS/TPP (amino group and phosphate), suggest a possible synergistic effect between CS and TPP. 相似文献
95.
Diamond J Stribling JB Stribling JR Huff L Gilliam J 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(4):2247-2260
Many organizations in the USA collect aquatic bioassessment data using different sampling and analysis methods, most of which
have unknown performance in terms of data quality produced. Thus, the comparability of bioassessments produced by different
organizations is often unknown, ultimately affecting our ability to make comprehensive assessments on large spatial scales.
We evaluated a pilot approach for determining bioassessment performance using macroinvertebrate data obtained from several
states in the Southeastern USA. Performance measures evaluated included precision, sensitivity, and responsiveness to a human
disturbance gradient, defined in terms of a land disturbance index value for each site, combined with a value for specific
conductance, and instream habitat quality. A key finding of this study is the need to harmonize ecoregional reference conditions
among states so as to yield more comparable and consistent bioassessment results. Our approach was also capable of identifying
potential areas for refinement such as reevaluation of less precise, sensitive, or responsive metrics that may result in suboptimal
index performance. Higher performing bioassessments can yield information beyond “impaired” versus “unimpaired” condition.
Acknowledging the limitations of this pilot study, we would recommend that performance evaluations use at least 50 sites,
10 of which are ecoregional reference sites. Efforts should be made to obtain data from the entire human disturbance gradient
in an ecoregion to improve statistical confidence in performance measures. Having too few sites will result in an under-representation
of certain parts of the disturbance gradient (e.g., too few poor quality sites), which may bias sensitivity and responsiveness
estimates. 相似文献
96.
Competence in understanding and resolving environmental problems requires a curriculum that integrates traditional disciplines
with applied problem-solving skills and/or methods. Building upon the work of scholars who are calling for curriculum reform
so that students may understand better the ethical dimensions of environmental problems, we analyze the theory of using dialogic
writing to think and learn about the environment, and we provide examples of application of this technique. 相似文献
97.
Teresa Catry Jaime A. Ramos Matthieu Le Corre Jessica Kojadinovic Paco Bustamante 《Marine Biology》2008,155(6):637-647
Nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) stable isotopes and contaminants, such as mercury, have been widely used to characterise foraging ecology of temperate
and polar seabirds. In this study, for the first time, we used isotopic signatures and mercury levels of feathers and blood
of eight tropical seabird species, that forage in a range-gradient between inshore and offshore areas, to describe the foraging
habits of a large tropical seabird community (from two neighboring islands of the Seychelles archipelago, western Indian Ocean)
during both the breeding and inter-breeding periods. Overall, we found a high overlap in both δ15N and δ13C signatures among species. The high inter-specific overlap in δ15N values was expected, given the similarities in the diet of the species from this community. However, several unexpected
results, such as (1) the consistently higher δ15N signatures of white terns (Gygis alba), (2) the large variation in inter-specific differences in δ15N signatures among the sampling groups (season, age, island and tissue) and (3) the consistent low δ15N values of breeding birds during the northwest monsoon (austral summer), suggest that δ15N signatures cannot be used as indicators of seabird trophic levels in this community. The high inter-specific overlap in
δ13C signatures and the absence, during the breeding season, of a δ13C gradient that follows the inshore-offshore foraging gradient within the community can be explained by the habitat homogeneity
of the Seychelles continental shelf and suggest that birds forage mostly within the limits of this “plateau”. On the other
hand, the similarities in δ13C values between the breeding and inter-breeding periods in species that are known to show post-breeding dispersal, strongly
support the hypothesis of a lack of latitudinal variation in δ13C signatures of POM in the central Indian Ocean, and the consequent inaccuracy of δ13C values to track seabird movements within this geographic area. Inter-specific differences in mercury levels seem to be related
to prey size, while consistent higher mercury concentrations in one of the studied islands suggest different island mercury-backgrounds
and possible segregation in foraging areas between the seabirds of the two islands.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
98.
This paper investigated the photochemical behaviour of the herbicide norflurazon (NFL) in the presence of different soil colloidal components and several cyclodextrins (CDs). The interaction of NFL with CDs yielded the formation of inclusion complexes at 1:1 stoichiometric ratio in solution, with an increase of the herbicide solubility. The irradiation of NFL aqueous solutions in the presence of CDs showed that the higher the formation constant of NFL-CD complexes (Kc) and their solubility, the higher their photocatalytic effects, following the CDs in the order: RAMEB>HPBCD>beta-CD>alpha-CD>gamma-CD. The presence of the different soil colloidal components in aqueous suspension provoked the reduction of the NFL photodegradation rate, due to a screening effect, especially when goethite and humic acids were present. No disappearance of NFL was detected in parallel studies carried out in the dark, except in the case of humic acids, where a 5% adsorption of the initial amount of NFL was adsorbed in the dark control. The presence of the different CDs in such systems showed an inductive photodegradation effect on the herbicide. This could be largely explained by the inclusion effects of CDs in catalyzing interactions between NFL and certain reactive radicals generated by the different colloidal components. Although this work was carried out at laboratory scale and therefore, has limited applications, it reveals that cyclodextrins increase solubilization of hydrophobic herbicides and could lead to their increased photodegradation. This could be a promising method for pesticide-contaminated water remediation. However, it is important to consider the effect of the soil colloidal components in the different aquatic systems and their concentrations, since they can alter the photodegradative effects of the cyclodextrins. 相似文献
99.