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291.
Cadmium levels in Europe: implications for human health 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Jilang Pan Jane A. Plant Nikolaos Voulvoulis Christopher J. Oates Christian Ihlenfeld 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2010,32(1):1-12
In this study we used the Forum of European Geological Surveys geochemical baseline data to examine the distribution of cadmium
(Cd) in Europe, with a particular reference to the international soil and water guideline values. The highest cadmium levels
were found to occur in topsoil and to follow closely the distribution of P2O5, suggesting that the contamination was from the use of rock phosphate fertilizer in intensive arable agriculture. In terms
of human health impacts, food (up to several hundred μg/day) was found as the only major route of exposure to Cd for the non-smoking
general population. It appeared that low levels of chronic exposure to Cd resulted in completely different human health impacts
than those high levels that had caused the ‘itai–itai’ disease. Some correlations were suggested between cadmium levels and
the age-adjusted prostate or breast cancer rates distributed in the European countries under study. 相似文献
292.
Candis S. Claiborn Dennis Finn Timothy V. Larson Jane Q. Koenig 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):1440-1445
ABSTRACT The revised National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM include fine particulate standards based upon mass measurements of PM25. It is possible in arid and semi-arid regions to observe significant coarse mode intrusion in the PM2.5 measurement. In this work, continuous PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0 were measured during several windblown dust events in Spokane, WA. PM2 5 constituted ~30% of the PM10 during the dust event days, compared with ~48% on the non-dusty days preceding the dust events. Both PM10 and PM2.5 were enhanced during the dust events. However, PM1.0 was not enhanced during dust storms that originated within the state of Washington. During a dust storm that originated in Asia and impacted Spokane, PM1.0 was also enhanced, although the Asian dust reached Washington during a period of stagnation and poor dispersion, so that local sources were also contributing to high particulate levels. The “intermodal” region of PM, defined as particles ranging in aerodynamic size from 1.0 to 2.5 um, was found to represent a significant fraction of PM25 (~51%) during windblown dust events, compared with 28% during the non-dusty days before the dust events. 相似文献
293.
Estimation of daily intake of potentially toxic elements from urban street dust and the role of oral bioaccessibility testing 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The pseudo-total and oral bioaccessible concentration of six potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in urban street dust was investigated. Typical pseudo-total concentrations across the sampling sites ranged from 4.4 to 8.6 mg kg−1 for As, 0.2-3.6 mg kg−1 for Cd, 25-217 mg kg−1 for Cu, 14-46 mg kg−1 for Ni, 70-4261 mg kg−1 for Pb, and, 111-652 mg kg−1 for Zn. This data compared favourably with other urban street dust samples collected and analysed in a variety of cities globally; the exception was the high level of Pb determined in a specific sample in this study. The oral bioaccessibility of PTEs in street dust is also assessed using in vitro gastrointestinal extraction (Unified Bioaccessibility Method, UBM). Based on a worst case scenario the oral bioaccessibility data estimated that Cd and Zn had the highest % bioaccessible fractions (median >45%) while the other PTEs i.e. As, Cu, Ni and Pb had lower % bioaccessible fractions (median <35%). The pseudo-total and bioaccessible concentrations of PTEs in the samples has been compared to estimated tolerable daily intake values based on unintentional soil/dust consumption. Cadmium, Cu and Ni are well within the oral tolerable daily intake rates. With respect to As and Pb, only the latter exceeds the TDIoral if we model ingestion rate based on atmospheric ‘dustiness’ rather than the US EPA (2008) unintentional soil/dust consumption rate of 100 mg d−1. We consider it unlikely that even a child with pica tendencies would ingest as much as 100 mg soil/dust during a daily visit to the city centre, and in particular to the sites with elevated Pb concentrations observed in this study. 相似文献