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631.
Carbon dioxide emissions have accelerated since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol. This discouraging development may partly
be blamed on accelerating world growth and on lags in policy instruments. However, it also raises serious question concerning
whether policies to reduce CO2 emissions are as effective as generally assumed. In recent years, a considerable number of studies have identified various
feedback mechanisms of climate policies that often erode, and occasionally reinforce, their effectiveness. These studies generally
focus on a few feedback mechanisms at a time, without capturing the entire effect. Partial accounting of policy feedbacks
is common in many climate scenarios. The IPCC, for example, only accounts for direct leakage and rebound effects. This article
attempts to map the aggregate effects of different types of climate policy feedback mechanisms in a cohesive framework. Controlling
feedback effects is essential if the policy measures are to make any difference on a global level. A general conclusion is
that aggregate policy feedback mechanisms tend to make current climate policies much less effective than is generally assumed.
In fact, various policy measures involve a definite risk of ‘backfiring’ and actually increasing CO2 emissions. This risk is particularly pronounced once effects of climate policies on the pace of innovation in climate technology
are considered. To stand any chance of controlling carbon emissions, it is imperative that feedback mechanisms are integrated
into emission scenarios, targets for emission reduction and implementation of climate policy. In many cases, this will reduce
the scope for subsidies to renewable energy sources, but increase the scope for other measures such as schemes to return carbon
dioxide to the ground and to mitigate emissions of greenhouse gases from wetlands and oceans. A framework that incorporates
policy feedback effects necessitates rethinking the design of the national and regional emission targets. This leads us to
a new way of formulating emission targets that include feedback effects, the global impact target. Once the full climate policy feedback mechanisms are accounted for, there are probably only three main routes in climate
policy that stand a chance of mitigating global warming: (a) returning carbon to the ground, (b) technological leaps in zero-emission
energy technology that make it profitable to leave much carbon in the ground even in Annex II countries and (c) international
agreements that make it more profitable to leave carbon in the ground or in forests. 相似文献
632.
Kheirghadam Enayatzamir Hossein A. Alikhani Bagher Yakhchali Fatemeh Tabandeh Susana Rodríguez-Couto 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(1):145-153
Background, aim and scope
Because of high discharged volumes and effluent composition, wastewater from the textile industry can be considered as the most polluting amongst all industrial sectors, thus greatly requiring appropriate treatment technologies. Although some abiotic methods for the reduction of several dyes exist, these require highly expensive catalysts and reagents. Biotechnological approaches were proven to be potentially effective in the treatment of this pollution source in an eco-efficient manner. The white-rot fungi are, so far, the most efficient microorganisms in degrading synthetic dyes. This white-rot fungi’s property is due to the production of extracellular lignin-modifying enzymes, which are able to degrade a wide range of xenobiotic compounds because of their low substrate specificity. In this paper, we studied the ability of the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilised into Ca-alginate beads to decolourise different recalcitrant azo dyes such as Direct Violet 51 (DV), Reactive Black 5 (RB), Ponceau Xylidine (PX) and Bismark Brown R (BB) in successive batch cultures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the immobilisation of P. chrysosporium into Ca-alginate beads for its application in dye decolouration. 相似文献633.
Anita Jemec Damjana Drobne Tatjana Tišler Kristina Sepčić 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(3):571-581
Background, aim and scope
For reliable environmental risk assessment of pollutants, knowledge on the effects at different levels of biological organisation is needed. During the early days of biomarker research in environmental studies approximately two decades ago, biochemical biomarkers were considered as the most promising tool for such purposes. Among these, three enzymes have often been studied: catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and cholinesterase (ChE). However, despite their intensive research, their measurements in invertebrates have not been commonly applied in environmental risk assessment (ERA) or for regulatory purposes. 相似文献634.
Yu-Yang Long Li-Fang Hu Jing Wang Cheng-Ran Fang Ruo He Dong-Sheng Shen 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(9):1539-1546
Purpose
To protect the environmental quality of soil, groundwater, and surface water near the landfill site, it is necessary to make an accurate assessment of the heavy metal mobility. This study aims to present the bio-immobilization behavior of heavy metals in landfill and provide some reference suggestion for the manipulation of heavy metal pollution control after closure. 相似文献635.
Zrinka Dragun Marijana Erk Dušica Ivanković Roko Žaja Vlatka Filipović Marijić Biserka Raspor 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(4):977-986
Purpose
The aim of this study was to compare the level of metal contamination in two bays in the middle part of the Eastern Adriatic coastal zone in Croatia using the gills of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis as indicator tissue. Despite the existing sources of contamination, previous studies with caged mussels only indicated moderate metal contamination of the Kaštela Bay, contrary to the Trogir Bay in which marina and shipyard present a probable source of Cu- and Zn-contamination. 相似文献636.
Pérez-Parada A González J Pareja L Geis-Asteggiante L Colazzo M Niell S Besil N González G Cesio V Heinzen H 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2010,45(8):796-803
In order to evaluate the extraction of pesticide residues that are transferred to the brew during mate drinking process of P.U.1 yerba mate leaves (Ilex paraguariensis), a special device to simulate the way in which mate is drunk in Uruguay was developed. The transfer to the brew of 12 organophosphates, 5 synthethic pyrethroids and one organochlorine pesticide from spiked samples was studied. The relationship between the transfer data thus obtained and physicochemical properties like water solubility (Ws), octanol-water coefficient (Kow) and Henry's constant (H) was evaluated. The extractability of the pesticide residues from yerba mate can be correlated with log Ws and log Kow. These transfer values allowed the calculation of ARLs (acceptable residue level) for the pesticides following Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Health Organizaion (WHO) guidelines. These results can help the future establishment of maximum residue levels (MRLs). 相似文献
637.
Adsorption of arsenic(V) by iron-oxide-coated diatomite (IOCD) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Yi-Fong Pan Cary T. Chiou Tsair-Fuh Lin 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(8):1401-1410
Purposes and aims
Economically efficient methods for removing arsenic from the drinking water supply are urgently needed in many parts of the world. Iron oxides are known to have a strong affinity for arsenic in water. However, they are commonly present in the forms of fine powder or floc, which limits their utility in water treatment. In this study, a novel granular adsorbent, iron-oxide-coated diatomite (IOCD), was developed and examined for its adsorption of arsenic from water. 相似文献638.
Virender K. Sharma Nigel J. D. Graham Xiang-Zhong Li Bao-Ling Yuan 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(2):453-461
Background, aim and scope
Photocatalytic oxidation using UV irradiation of TiO2 has been studied extensively and has many potential industrial applications, including the degradation of recalcitrant contaminants in water and wastewater treatment. A limiting factor in the oxidation process is the recombination of conduction band electrons (e − cb) with electron holes (hvb+) on the irradiated TiO2 surface; thus, in aqueous conditions, the presence of an effective electron scavenger will be beneficial to the efficiency of the oxidation process. Ferrate (FeO42−) has received much recent attention as a water treatment chemical since it behaves simultaneously as an oxidant and coagulant. The combination of ferrate [Fe(VI)] with UV/TiO2 photocatalysis offers an oxidation synergism arising from the Fe(VI) scavenging of e − cb and the corresponding beneficial formation of Fe(V) from the Fe(VI) reduction. This paper reviews recent studies concerning the photocatalytic oxidation of problematic pollutants with and without ferrate. 相似文献639.
Miriam Hampel Esteban Alonso Irene Aparicio James E. Bron Juan Luis Santos John B. Taggart Michael J. Leaver 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(4):917-933
Background, aim, and scope
Pharmaceuticals are emerging pollutants widely used in everyday urban activities which can be detected in surface, ground, and drinking waters. Their presence is derived from consumption of medicines, disposal of expired medications, release of treated and untreated urban effluents, and from the pharmaceutical industry. Their growing use has become an alarming environmental problem which potentially will become dangerous in the future. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about long-term effects in non-target organisms as well as for human health. Toxicity testing has indicated a relatively low acute toxicity to fish species, but no information is available on possible sublethal effects. This study provides data on the physiological pathways involved in the exposure of Atlantic salmon as representative test species to three pharmaceutical compounds found in ground, surface, and drinking waters based on the evaluation of the xenobiotic-induced impairment resulting in the activation and silencing of specific genes. 相似文献640.
Lucía Viñas M. Angeles Franco J. José González Joan Albaigés 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(5):1551-1560
The distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was determined in surface sediments collected at 36 stations along the Spanish Northern continental shelf in March and September 2003, and February 2005. Concentrations of PAHs (Σ13 parent components) were in the range of 22-47528 μg/kg dw, the highest values corresponding to coastal urban-industrial hotspots and decreasing offshore. Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) showed that concentrations of total PAHs were below the threshold effect level (TEC) in 27 stations (81%) and above in 7, two of which (Gijon and Bilbao) were above the probable effect concentration (PEC). The detailed study of diagnostic ratios suggested a rather uniform mixture of petrogenic and pyrolytic PAH sources along the continental shelf, with a slight decrease of the latter moving westwards and offshore. In order to assess the incidence of sediment sampling on the variability of the results, selected stations were also monitored in February and September 2004 and September 2005. The average field variance of the values obtained for each station was 31% that decreased to 23% when the values were normalized to TOC. 相似文献