富马酸生产废水的资源化研究

用PCW-7-甲苯络合萃取剂处理富马酸废水,萃取液用碱液反萃回收,每立方米废水可回收9kg富马酸,其含量大于97％。研究了影响萃取效果的相关因素．确定了适宜的工艺条件。     

型钢混凝土受拉柱恢复力计算模型试验研究∗

为研究型钢混凝土构件在偏心受拉作用下的抗震性能,以剪跨比、轴拉比以及偏心距为主要设计参数,对7根型钢混凝土受拉柱进行了低周反复试验中观察了试件的受力过程和破坏形态,得到滞回曲线以及骨架曲线等。通过理论推导和回归分析,提出了各特征点的计算公式。在此基础上,结合受拉柱的滞回特性,给出卸载刚度计算公式以及相应的滞回规则,并建立了型钢混凝土受拉柱四折线恢复力模型。结果表明:通过试验骨架曲线和计算骨架曲线的对比,二者结果吻合较好,能够较为全面地反映构件的受力性能,建议的四折线恢复力模型较为合理,可用于型钢混凝土受拉柱抗震性能的评估。     

Numerical study of the lateral crushing and re-inflation of stainless steel and aluminum tubes

The purpose of this numerical study is to investigate the possibility of re-inflating laterally crushed tubes back to their original circular-cylindrical shape, without using a die. This can find applications in a non-conventional tube bending process as well as in the repair of damaged offshore pipelines. Two materials were investigated, aluminum Al-6061-T6 and 304 stainless steel, which have very different ductility and work hardening characteristics. Three models, of increasing complexity were created and used to investigate the nature of the plastic deformation during the crushing and re-inflation, the punch load–displacement and pressure–volume responses and the geometric accuracy of the final tubes. The models demonstrated that for both materials, it is challenging to return the tubes to their original circular-cylindrical shape without using a suitable die for the crushing and re-inflation.     

铜在沉积物各相中分配的实验模拟与数值模拟研究——以鄱阳湖为例

实测表明,在鄱阳湖沉积物各地球化学相中,铜主要赋存于有机相和水合铁锰氧化物相中。沉积物中各地球化学相的含量是金属离子在沉积物中分布的控制因子之一。 本研究通过模拟沉积物对Cu~(2+)的吸附实验求得了一定条件(pH、T℃)下模拟沉积物各相的条件平衡常数,并应用S.M.Oakley、Davies-Colley等所提出的经简化的分配模型,预测了铜在沉积物各地球化学相中的分配,所得结果与实测结果吻合。     

A comparative investigation of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) and Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) (x: 0-0.4) for NO decomposition

A series of single-phase T-structured NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) with oxygen vacancies and T'-structured Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) (x:0-0.4) with oxygen excess were prepared using ultrasound-assisted citric acid complexing method, and characterized by means of techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis and NO temperature-progranuned desorption (NO-TPD). The catalytic activities of these materials were evaluated for the decomposition of NO. It was found that the NdSrCut_xCoxO4_b catalysts were of oxygen vacancies whereas the Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) ones possessed excessive oxygen (i.e., over-stoichiometric oxygen); with a rise in Co doping level,the oxygen vacancy density of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) decreased while the over-stoichiometric oxygen amount of Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ)increased. The NO-TPD results revealed that NO could be activated much easier over the oxygen-deficient perovskite-like oxides than over the oxygen-excessive perovskite-like oxides, with the NdSrCuO_(3.702) catalyst showing the best efficiency in activating NO molecules. Under the conditions of 1.0% NO/helium, 2800 hr~(-1), and 600-900℃, the catalytic activity of NO decomposition followed the order of NdSrCuO_(3.702)> NdSrCu_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_(3.736) > NdSrCu_(0.6)Co_(0.4)O_(3.789) > Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(0.6)Co_(0.4)O_(4.187)> Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_(4.104)> Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CuO_(4.045), in concord with the sequence of decreasing oxygen vacancy or oxygen excess density. Based on the results, we concluded that the higher oxygen vacancy density and the stronger Cu~(3+)/Cu~(2+) redox ability of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) account for the easier activation of NO and consequently improve the catalytic activity of NO decomposition over the catalysts.     

Development and applications of functional gene microarrays in the analysis of the functional diversity, composition, and structure of microbial communities

Functional gene arrays (FGAs) are a special type of microarrays containing probes for key genes involved in microbial functional processes, such as biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and metals, biodegradation of environmental contaminants, energy processing, and stress responses. GeoChips are considered as the most comprehensive FGAs. Experimentally established probe design criteria and a computational pipeline integrating sequence retrieval, probe design and verification, array construction, data analysis, and automatic update are used to develop the GeoChip technology. GeoChip has been systematically evaluated and demonstrated to be a powerful tool for rapid, specific, sensitive, and quantitative analysis of microbial communities in a high-throughput manner. Several generations of GeoChip have been developed and applied to investigate the functional diversity, composition, structure, function, and dynamics of a variety of microbial communities from different habitats, such as water, soil, marine, bioreactor, human microbiome, and extreme ecosystems. GeoChip is able to address fundamental questions related to global change, bioenergy, bioremediation, agricultural operation, land use, human health, environmental restoration, and ecological theories and to link the microbial community structure to environmental factors and ecosystem functioning.     

Toxic heavy metal contamination and risk assessment of street dust in small towns of Shanghai suburban area, China

The aims of this paper were to quantify the heavy metal concentrations in street dust of small towns in Shanghai suburban area compared with those in urban area, and examine their seasonal and spatial variations, and to assess their risks to water environment and local populations. Street dust samples were collected from three small towns and urban area in Shanghai in different seasons. Levels of heavy metals were determined by atomic adsorption spectrophotometer analyzer. The method of potential ecological risk index and the health risk assessment model were used to evaluate the potential risks to water bodies and local residents, respectively. The mean metal concentrations in street dust of small towns were far above soil background values but still lower than those in the urban area. No significant seasonal change was observed except for Cr, Ni, and Zn concentrations. Higher metal concentrations tended to be located in central area of towns and township roads. The integrated metal contamination was high and posed a strong potential ecological risk. Children had greater health risk than adults. The carcinogenic risk probabilities were under the acceptable level. The hazard index values to children were close to the safe level. Street dust from the studied area has been contaminated by heavy metals. The contamination of these elements is related more to the pollution source than seasonal change. The combination of the six metals may threaten the water environment and has non-cancer health risk to children, but not to adults.     

废弃锂离子电池中金属的回收及钴酸锂的湿法合成

采用湿法回收并合成锂离子电池中钴酸锂。考察了不同的有机溶剂溶解粘结剂PVDF、不同酸浸条件对钴酸锂浸出效果的影响、碳酸钴和碳酸锂共沉淀物的焙烧条件,并对所获得的钴酸锂进行结构分析。结果表明,N-甲基吡咯烷酮（NMP）作为溶解PVDF的溶剂效果最佳;当硫酸浓度6％、固液比1：30、30％的H2O：1．4mL／g、温度80℃、反应120min时为硫酸浸出最佳条件,此时钴的浸出率为92．3％,锂的浸出率为92．0％;合成LiCoO2时的焙烧温度在750℃较为合适。SEM分析表明,颗粒粒度小,分散性好。     

环糊精在环境治理中的应用研究进展

环糊精及其衍生物由于具有一定大小的低极性空腔结构,能够包合多种低极性有机物,形成主客体包合物.这种包合物的形成可以增加有机物的水溶性和促进其被微生物的分解利用;可以改变有机物的物理化学特性,促进其在光化学和芬顿体系中的降解;可以在去除有机物的同时,去除Cd2 等无机物;此外,环糊精还可以用来制成环境友好材料,吸除空气和水中污染物.     

某市南郊水源地土壤四氯化碳污染特征

含四氯化碳废水在排放的过程中沿排污渠侧壁和底部的渗漏对土壤造成污染.在对某市南郊受四氯化碳污染的水源地进行钻孔检测的过程中发现,土壤四氯化碳污染的特征:靠近排污沟的钻孔均检测出四氯化碳,而远离排污沟的钻孔则未检出;四氯化碳的垂向分布存在不连续性,且受降雨影响较大;大部分钻孔浅层土壤中基本未检测到四氯化碳,而在3 m以下的土层和基岩中检测到四氯化碳;抽水井的抽水行为导致抽水井附近土壤中四氯化碳明显高于其他钻孔点位检测结果.