山谷型生活垃圾填埋场填埋方案及防洪措施设计实例

以甘肃省武山县生活垃圾填埋场为例,对山谷型生活垃圾填埋场的不同填埋方案及防洪措施进行了分析比较,确定了填埋场工程总体方案布局,为山谷型生活垃圾填埋场工程设计提供了参考解决方案。     

有机磷农药对海洋微藻致毒性的生物学研究 Ⅵ.对硫磷对4种海洋微藻的毒性效应

本文报道有机磷农药——对硫磷对４种海洋微藻的毒性效应。实验结果显示：（１）对硫磷对４种海洋微藻有较高的毒性，对藻细胞的生长和分裂有严重的抑制效应。（２）４种海洋微藻对对硫磷的耐受力有一定的差异，按由大到小的顺序依次为新月菱形藻＞盐藻＞金藻＞扁藻。（３）对硫磷能够引起叶绿素ａ的降解，随着浓度的提高，藻细胞叶绿素ａ的含量呈下降趋势。     

Overview of surface ozone variability in East Asia-North Pacific region during IGAC/APARE(1994—1996)

IntroductionDuringthelastdecade ,theEastAsiancontinentalrimregionhasbeencharacterizedbyhighanthropogenicemissionsduetotherapidindustrialization .Airpollutioninthisregionhascreatedmuchattentiontothescientistsovertheworld(Kato,1992 ;Akimoto ,1994a ;Aardenne…     

西北干旱区水资源开发的水文效应及其利用模式的变化

我国西北干旱区主要分布在新疆、青海和甘肃及内蒙西部。这里气候干旱,水资源对干旱区的经济发展有着决定性意义,在干旱区“没有灌溉就没有农业”。水资源不仅影响到农牧业发展,同时也影响到工矿资源开发和城市的发展。水资源既是宝贵的自然资源,也是干旱区自然环境综合体中最活跃的因素之一。水资源开发利用已引起一系列水文效应和生态环境的变化,尤其是干旱区水资源开发中水循环各要素变化是很强烈的,因此研究干旱区的水资源开发的水文效应不仅具有理论意义,也有重要的实践意义。     

基于DO曲线特征的污水毒性检测技术研究

基于对生化反应体系溶解氧(Dissolved Oxygen,DO)曲线特征的分析,研究了一种污水毒性检测技术,实验结果表明:在确定的操作流程和参数条件下,对于同种污水的周期性反应,体系DO周期性变化特征值波动小于10%,呈现高规律性和稳定性;最终建立了一种基于体系DO曲线特征的污泥活性相对抑制率公式,通过量化分析污水毒性对污泥活性的抑制程度,提供一种污水毒性快速检测技术手段。     

高浓度有机废水二相厌氧消化过程特性研究

以填充床生物膜酸化反应器与上流式污泥床反应器（UASB）甲烷化反应器组成的二相厌氧消化装置处理高浓度啤酒废水或合成废水,最大处理能力为32～35kgCOD/d·m³。提出了二相工艺高负荷运行时最低必需酸化率的概念。进水浓度5000mgCOD/L,容积负荷30kgCOD/d·m³时,最低酸化率为28％。对主要操作参数的灵敏度分析表明,操作负荷、酸化率和进水碱度是影响COD去除率的主要操作参数。对二相厌氧消化系统中影响反应器内微生物群系的生态平衡、微生物本征活性和反应器宏观行为的主要因素进行了分类和综合讨论。     

Mechanism of Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption inhibition on biochar by its aging process

Biochar exposed in the environment may experience a series of surface changes, which is called biochar aging. In order to study the effects of biochar aging on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption, we analyzed the surface properties before and after biochar aging with scanning electron microscopy（SEM） coupled to an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer（EDX） and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy（DRIFTS）, and then explored the influence of the aging process on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption by batch experiments. After the aging process, the oxygen concentration, phenolic hydroxyl groups, aromatic ethers and other oxygen-containing functional groups on the biochar surface increased, while carboxyl groups slightly decreased. Thus, over a range of pH, the cation exchange capacity（CEC） and adsorption capacity of Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar were smaller than those of new biochar,indicating that when biochar is incubated at constant temperature and water holding capacity in the dark, the aging process may inhibit Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Meanwhile, the dissociation characteristics of oxygen-containing functional groups changed through the aging process, which may be the mechanism by which the biochar aging process inhibits the Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Carboxyl groups became more easily dissociated at low pH（3.3–5.0）,and the variation of maximum adsorption capability（qm） of Cu（Ⅱ） on the old biochar was enlarged. Phenolic hydroxyl groups increased after the aging, making them and carboxyl groups more difficult to dissociate at high pH（5.0–6.8）, and the variation of qmof Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar was reduced.     

A review of rapid transport of pesticides from sloping farmland to surface waters:Processes and mitigation strategies

Pesticides applied to sloping farmland may lead to surface water contamination through rapid transport processes as influenced by the complex topography and high spatial variability of soil properties and land use in hilly or mountainous regions. However, the fate of pesticides applied to sloping farmland has not been sufficiently elucidated. This article reviews the current understanding of pesticide transport from sloping farmland to surface water. It examines overland flow and subsurface lateral flow in areas where surface soil is underlain by impervious subsoil or rocks and tile drains. It stresses the importance of quantifying and modeling the contributions of various pathways to rapid pesticide loss at catchment and regional scales. Such models could be used in scenario studies for evaluating the effectiveness of possible mitigation strategies such as constructing vegetated strips, depressions, wetlands and drainage ditches, and implementing good agricultural practices. Field monitoring studies should also be conducted to calibrate and validate the transport models as well as biophysical-economic models, to optimize mitigation measures in areas dominated by sloping farmland.     

地下油罐泄漏区污染源的自动识别

地下油罐泄漏隐蔽性大,不易被及时发现,而且泄漏出的烃类化合物毒性强,对地下水会造成严重污染.为了对某一地下油罐污染源位置和强度进行准确识别,本研究结合现场调查结果,建立了该地下油罐泄漏区的石油污染物反应运移模型.在基本确定污染源泄漏区范围的前提下,进一步建立地下油罐泄漏区污染源的识别模型,并利用遗传算法对泄漏区污染源的位置和泄漏强度进行了自动识别,进而通过参数敏感性分析来评价和比较不同参数对污染物运移结果的影响.结果表明,运移模型中与地下水流场变化相关的特征参数（如开采量、水力坡度、渗透系数等）对污染物运移结果的影响相对比较明显.对于污染源来说,研究不同污染组分在含水层中的化学和生物化学变化显得尤为重要.     

Diverse molecular compositions of dissolved organic matter derived from different composts using ESI FT-ICR MS

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from various composts can promote significant changes of soil properties. However, little is known about the DOM compositions and their similarities and differences at the molecular level. In this study, the molecular compositions of DOM derived from kitchen waste compost (KWC), green waste compost (GWC), manure waste compost (MWC), and sewage sludge compost (SSC) were characterized by electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS). The molecular formulas were classified into four subcategories: CHO, CHON, CHOS, and CHONS. The KWC, MWC, and SSC DOM represented the highest fraction (35.8%-47.4%) of CHON subcategory, while the GWC DOM represented the highest fraction (68.4%) of CHO subcategory. The GWC DOM was recognized as the nitrogen- and sulfur-deficient compounds that were less saturated, more aromatic, and more oxidized compared with other samples. Further analysis of the oxygen, nitrogen-containing (N-containing), and sulfur-containing (S-containing) functional groups in the four subcategories revealed higher organic molecular complexity. Comparison of the similarities and differences of the four samples revealed 22.8% ubiquitous formulas and 17.4%, 11.1%, 10.7%, and 6.3% unique formulas of GWC, KWC, SSC, and MWC DOM, respectively, suggesting a large proportion of ubiquitous DOM as well as unique, source-specific molecular signatures. The findings presented herein provide new insight into the molecular characterization of DOM derived from various composts and demonstrated the potential role of these different compounds for agricultural utilization.